冬至大如年 “数九”热闹过

2018-12-21 16:21:55    

到了清代,人们依然保留着庆贺冬至的习俗,还有产生了“拜冬”之说。《清嘉录》记载,每至冬至节“朝士大夫家拜贺尊长,又交相出谒。细民男女,亦必更鲜衣相揖,谓之‘拜冬’。”而这正是如今常说的“冬至大如年”说法的原因:“诸凡仪文加于常节,故有‘冬至大如年’之谚。”

北京现在流行在冬至当日吃饺子,有“冬至不端饺子碗,冻掉耳朵没人管”的说法。古人在冬至则习惯于吃馄饨。宋代的《武林旧事》有:“享先则以馄饨,有‘冬馄饨、年馎饦’之谚。贵家求奇,一器凡十余色,谓之‘百味馄饨’。”富贵人家的冬至馄饨,会有十几种不同的花样。清代北京也流行在冬至吃馄饨,《燕京岁时记》有“京师谚曰:‘冬至馄饨,夏至面’”的记载,与现在的“冬至饺子夏至面”的习俗已颇为接近。

“九九歌”的多种版本

明代北京人唱“三九四九,围炉饮酒”

“一九二九不出手,三九四九冰上走,五九六九沿河看柳,七九河开,八九雁来,九九加一九,耕牛遍地走。”这首“数九歌”大家都很熟悉,它巧妙地利用自然界的物候现象来反映数九中的气候变化程度,读来朗朗上口,生动有趣。九为数之极,又代表阳,冬至一阳生,因而中国很早就有从冬至当天开始数九的习俗。“九九加一九”,九十天后,就到了春分节气,这时天气回暖,严寒的冬天已经过去。

“数九”的习俗究竟起源于何时,并没有明确的记载。清代的《清嘉录》中提到,“《荆楚岁时记》谓从冬至次日数起,至九九八十一日为寒尽。”《荆楚岁时记》成书于南北朝时期,如从那时算起,数九的传统可谓由来已久,可惜现存的《荆楚岁时记》中并无相应的记载,可能是《清嘉录》的误记。敦煌文献(伯4017号)中有题名为《咏九九诗一首》的诗篇:“一九冰须万叶枯,北天鸿雁过南湖;霜结草投敷碎玉,露凝条上撒珍珠。二九严凌切骨寒,探人乡外觉衣单;群鸟夜投高树宿,鲤鱼深向水中攒……九九冻高自合兴,农家在此乐轰轰;楼中透下黄金籽,平原陇上玉苗生。”诗名是一首,实际上包含描写一九到九九的九首诗,诗中将物候与农事相联系,描写了冬季的九个节气。该文献的确切年代虽有争议,但应在唐末至北宋之间,是目前已知最早关于“九九歌”的文献记载。

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