冬至大如年 “数九”热闹过

2018-12-21 16:21:55    

清代的宫廷之中,流行一种更具文化色彩的九九消寒图。据吴振棫所著《养吉斋丛录》记载:“道光初年,御制‘九九消寒图’,用‘亭前垂柳珍重待春風’九字,字皆九笔也。懋勤殿双钩成幅,题曰‘管城春满’。内直翰林诸臣填廓。”“亭前垂柳珍重待春風”这九个字蕴含冬日迎春之意,每字又都为九画,每天在钩好的轮廓内描上一笔,九字描完,“数九”也就结束了。类似的语句还有:“春前庭柏風送香盈室”、“故城秋荒屏栏树枯荣”、“庭前春幽挟草巷重茵”、“亭前屋后看劲柏峰骨”等等。“管城子”是毛笔的别称,“管城春满”寓意以笔墨渡冬,写成之日春满庭院,极富文人雅趣。更为有趣的还有“九九消寒迎春联”,如“柔柳轻盈香茗贺春临”对以“幽柏玲珑浓荫送秋残”;“春泉垂春柳春染春美”对以“秋院挂秋柿秋送秋香”。上下联都是九画的九字,每天在上下联各填一笔,冬尽而联成。

在描画完消寒图后,有时古人还会在用白色细笔在相应的笔画上记录当天的天气,如“今日风”、“早晴晚阴”等,相当于简略的天气记录表。有时也会写上一些与天气无关的字样,如“万寿无疆”、“浪费笔墨今日休”等,甚至包括“祭灶天凉糖瓜入市”等生活气息浓郁的记录。这样的消寒图填写完后,相当于完成了一份过冬日志,非常有意义,以致“每岁相沿,遂成故事”。

记录天气的消寒图,还有一种简略的版本,画九九八十一个类似铜钱的圈圈。明代的北京街市上就有人贩卖这种消寒图。《燕京岁时记》中描述了画法:“消寒图乃九格八十一圈。自冬至起,日涂一圈,上阴下晴,左风右雨,雪当中。”此外还有用不同颜色或用不同位置的阴阳鱼来表示天气的消寒图等。

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