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利润再分配效应强化 龙头白马股仍是主线

2017-09-06 08:46:56   新华网

2017年A股公司半年报数据显示:主板公司归母公司净利润同比增长16.3%,环比增速下滑3.4%,业绩增速在连续三个季度持续上扬后,今年上半年有所回调,但依然保持历史增速高位;创业板归母公司净利润同比增长5.7%,环比增速下滑5.5%,创业板业绩增速已连续5个季度下滑,且下滑幅度较大。

尽管主板和创业板业绩增速均呈现不同程度下滑,但也有让投资者欣喜的亮点:一是受供给侧改革影响,上中游资源品领域获得了非常好的盈利改善,主板的业绩增速明显好于2012~2016年;二是净资产收益率(ROE)回升,且有进一步提升可能,2017年上半年全部A股ROE为9.96%,高于一季度的9.66%。资产周转率的提升是拉动ROE回升的主要驱动因素。资产周转率目前仅为 16.92%,同ROE走势一样迎来了连续四个报告期提升,表明该项指标或已迎来中期向上拐点,未来具备较强的上升空间。另外,10.05%的净利润率则处在历史水平的中高位,杠杆率位于历史水平的中低位,距离各自的历史高位还相差较远,向上的空间较大。在三项指标的向好预期下,未来ROE将进一步提升。

由于周期性板块的盈利改善明显好于非周期性板块,所以,周期性板块和非周期性板块在上半年出现了较大的分化。受供给侧改革和环保限产影响,三季度资源品都出现不同幅度的上涨,预期资源品四季度价格将维持在高位,周期品盈利具有一定的持续性,但受基数在不断抬升、以及中游制造业在成本端感受到的挤压,未来周期盈利波动可能呈现一定的收敛,但龙头企业的盈利能力仍有望继续上升。

涨价带给周期性板块的利润创造,接下来或弱于行业内的利润再分配对周期性板块的影响。随着2016年7月之后企业库存周期开启,生产者物价指数(PPI)加速上行,同时也看到工业企业利润显著改善。但从结构上来看,很明显看到国有及国有控股工业企业、大中型工业企业利润改善要强于整体工业企业,而私营工业企业改善程度则相对较弱。

PPI上行主要是由于上游资源品涨价驱动,其背后一方面是去产能推进下供给侧收缩,另一方面则是需求端企业库存周期发力。两种力量交织下,前者更多是体现上中下游的利润再分配,后者则更多的是通过需求端改善提振整体产业链,形成利润创造效应。2017年一季度之后,企业库存周期显著弱化,工业企业利润增速也随着PPI下滑而趋于下滑。后续若上游维持高价态势,利润再分配效用将会强于利润创造效应。

金融业看似和周期性资源品不相关,但在供给侧改革背景下,金融和资源品却是同一个故事。随着上游资源品行业盈利状况的显著好转,对于相关企业而言意味着资产负债表显著修复,而对于金融企业,尤其是银行而言,意味着不良资产压力有所下降,银行资产质量压力得到缓解。从最近公布的银行归母净利增速来看,较2016年中报有所好转,不良贷款比率较2016年年报改善更为明显。今年下半年,金融业同样可能将迎来利润创造效应弱化,而利润再分配效应强化格局。

利润再分配效应使得周期及金融业绩改善延续到三季度,但无论三季报是否是周期和金融业绩改善顶点,市场预期状态都会趋于不稳定。一方面,利润再分配的天平倾斜是受到整体经济利润创造能力限制的;另一方面,去产能驱动价格上涨,监管层亦会有充足的政策手段维持资源品价格的平稳。接下来的投资仍应坚持龙马投资主线不变,消费继续关注白酒、家电、乳制品、禽链、汽车、家居、酒店、免税细分领域龙头;而周期和金融业则要由前期板块的整体机会聚焦到板块内利润再分配效应受益的行业龙头。(国泰君安证券 林隆鹏 周津宇)

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