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以逻辑素养培育创新精神

2017-09-15 10:31:41   国际在线

逻辑学研究思维的逻辑形式,为人们正确表达思想、辨析和驳斥谬误提供了重要工具。上世纪80年代至90年代中期,我国曾出现过学习逻辑知识的热潮,但后来渐渐冷却下来。这既有社会的原因,也有逻辑学自身的原因。近些年,社会上非理性思维现象逐渐增多,在一些重大问题争论中经常出现概念混乱、判断失当、论证无理等逻辑错误。显然,这与一些人忽视逻辑知识学习、逻辑素养降低有着很大关联。例如,有时在报刊上可以看到类似表述:只有努力学习才能取得好成绩,换句话说,如果没有取得好成绩,那么就是没有努力学习。事实上,导致“没有取得好成绩”的原因可以有多种,并不限于“没有努力学习”,前后两个句子不是等值的,不能用“换句话说”来连接。

逻辑学不仅影响民众素质,而且能左右科技进步。爱因斯坦说过,西方科学的发展是以两个伟大的成就为基础的,那就是:希腊哲学家发明形式逻辑体系(在欧几里得几何学中),以及通过系统的实验发现有可能找出因果关系(在文艺复兴时期)。1831年,英国科学家法拉第发现了电磁感应现象,并据此研制出世界上第一台发电机。在法拉第电磁理论的基础上,英国科学家麦克斯韦把数学方法引入这一研究,预言了电磁波的存在。这一预言为德国物理学家赫兹的实验所证实。1895年,意大利电气工程师马可尼据此发明了实用的无线电报系统,人类由此进入无线电通信时代。科技发现、发明和发展一环扣一环,充分彰显了理论演绎、逻辑推导的巨大威力。

讲不讲逻辑,结果大不一样。在个人层面,讲逻辑就是讲道理、守规矩,这是做人做事的基本准则。在社会层面,讲逻辑就是照章办事,理性声音上升、非理性声音受抑,这是社会和谐有序的前提条件。在决策层面,讲不讲逻辑关系一个团队乃至一个国家的兴衰成败。普及逻辑学知识,培养广大民众的逻辑素养,既有助于发挥逻辑学的社会功能,又有助于涵养创新精神。

教育界的有识之士高度重视对学生逻辑思维能力的培养。据联合国教科文组织统计,由世界500多名教育家列出的16项最重要的教育目标中,“发展学生的逻辑思维能力”排在第二位。培养学生的思维素质与思维能力,尤其是培养创新思维能力,必须重视逻辑学。创新本质上是运用逻辑思维工具对事物进行再认识的过程。如果不懂逻辑常识和学习方法,对别人说的、书里写的不加分析地照单全收、机械记忆,那么,人的大脑就会变成没有生产能力的杂货间,发明创造也就无从谈起。钱学森在谈到培养跨世纪人才时,主张重视培养学生辩证的逻辑思维能力,培养大批有创新意识的人。他认为,不是学好一门课就像这门课所教的那样进行工作就是了,因为这门课的知识隔了几年或几十年就可能没有用了。但是,学生通过这门课所学的逻辑思维能力是永远有用的。因此,不抓逻辑训练,创新教育就会失去基础。

有位科学家曾经说过,连思维都不科学,哪里还有什么科学?但直到今天,一些高校的教育教学对严谨的形式逻辑还是重视不够。尤其是哲学社会科学,不论教学内容还是教学方法,都缺乏形式逻辑、辩证逻辑的推理训练。在理工科教学中,虽然这方面已经明显加强,但还要“严”字当头,进一步强调精细化,杜绝“差不多”“马马虎虎”的思想,力求精心、精细、精致;启发大学生知其然更知其所以然,通过深入的实证分析得出精准的结果。当然,这并不是说可以忽视中华文化的整体意识和宏观思维训练,而是说要把西方文化严谨的逻辑思维和中华文化整体性的哲学思维有机结合起来,把正向思维和逆向思维结合起来,更好培养大学生科学的思维方法和思辨能力,更好培育突破成例、敢想敢试的创新精神。

(作者:何向东为西南大学教授)

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