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基本面内部逻辑失衡 债券收益率破局动能不足

2017-09-15 07:31:53   中国经济网

9月份以来,债券收益率延续8月份的震荡行情,10年期中债估值国债到期收益率以3.63%为中枢上下波动。尽管受到央行重启28天期逆回购和超量续作MLF、同业存单平稳续发、资金供需整体宽松、人民币汇率强势升值等多重利好因素影响,市场做多的交易性需求有所升温,驱使10年期国债期货突破了从7月份以来延续至今的震荡区间上沿95.0元,但是,经济增长韧性预期和通胀担忧始终限制着债券收益率下行的空间,导致3.60%似乎成为牢不可破的收益率底部。旨在维持流动性供需稳定的货币政策边际宽松、人民币汇率升值提升市场对外汇占款回升的预期,对债券市场的提振作用有限,主要原因仍然在于驱动债券收益率突破震荡区间的核心因素在于经济增长前景是否如预期般转弱、通货膨胀预期是否回落。结合8月份经济数据不难发现,当前经济基本面存在两个矛盾,引致出现利率走势的一个背离。

经济基本面的第一矛盾依然集中在通货膨胀预期:中上游工业品价格上涨带动PPI同比增速回升,然而对CPI同比增速的传导效应较差。PPI同比增速在二季度中上游工业品价格集中暴涨的带动下回升,导致始于2016年三季度的主动补库存阶段拉长,以工业企业存货和产成品库存度量的库存周期和PPI同步抬升。正是由于主动补库存阶段在二季度被拉长,经济增长韧性延续至三季度末,然而下游消费品需求始终未见好转,以及在原油价格疲弱的影响下,CPI同比增速并未受PPI影响而回升。基于8月份的通胀数据测算,1年期CPI盈亏预期是3.7%,1年期PPI盈亏预期是5.3%,虽然较二季度出现了跃升,但是依然低于今年年初的水平。尤其是CPI盈亏通胀预期,始终维持在狭窄的区间内波动,与盈亏通胀预期指标本身高波动的属性极不相称,反映出PPI向CPI传导不畅的事实。

经济基本面的第二矛盾在于投资和融资之间的错位:2017年以来一直维持旺盛的融资需求并未有效转化为实际的投资支出。从8月份数据来看,1至8月固定资产投资累计同比增速为7.8%,已经连续6个月下滑,民间固定资产投资累计同比增速继续回落0.5个百分点至6.4%,甚至是一直以来作为投资增量主力军的房地产开发投资,1至8月累计同比增速也只是持平于1至7月的7.9%水平,而房地产新开工和销售延续回落趋势。包括房地产和制造业在内的固定资产投资增速疲弱状态与1至7月社会融资总量在新增人民币信贷的带动下维持旺盛的情况格格不入,融资和投资之间出现了显著的错位。这种错位或许进一步折射出资本开支意愿和资本形成之间并不一致的矛盾,因此由资本开支驱动的“新周期”或许还未成为现实,融资和投资之间的错位格局是否仍在延续,还需要8月份央行发布的货币信贷数据作为验证。

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