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人民币升值折射全球货币格局之变

2017-09-13 07:36:23   中国青年网

今年5月中下旬以来,人民币汇率一直保持着高昂的升值态势,进入8、9两个月份,这一势头愈发明显。其中,8月份人民币对美元汇率单月升值幅度近2%,创造了2005年人民币汇率机制改革以来单月升值幅度最高纪录;到了9月份,人民币更升破6.5关口。

人民币快速升值引发一连串反应,其中也包括一些饶有深意的事件。例如,一位曾以成功预测美国次贷危机和欧洲债务危机成名的美国对冲基金“大鳄”,花了七年时间,押注约2.5亿美元等待人民币大跌,而今却输得土崩瓦解。此人在“大败”后直言:“现在,这世界已经变了。”意味深长的一句感慨,深刻表明当前世界正在出现某种影响巨大却为人忽略的变化。

变化在哪?这要从对冲基金“大鳄”自以为熟悉的那个世界——旧有的国际金融格局说起。

美元作为世界货币,在当前的国际金融市场上与约87%的货币交易有关。也就是说,两种货币进行兑换时,87%都是另一种货币换成美元或者美元换成另一种货币,而美元之外的其他货币相互交易的情况,只占大约13%。这意味着,在国际金融市场上,美元及美元计价资产(例如美债、美股)就像互联网中的服务器,别人往往要先与之相连接,再通过它联系到第三方,类似于两个微信用户都必须先与微信服务器相连接,然后才能相互通信。拿经济中的例子来说,一个来自金砖国家的人,可能得先去兑换到美元,然后才能向中国企业买东西。

然而,上述情况如今却在悄然发生变化,这是导致华尔街的人民币“大空头”惨败的真正原因。实际上,人民币兑美元升值,并非变化的主要方面。2017年以来,人民币兑美元累计升值7.55%,不仅低于欧元的14%,也分别低于日元的8.49%,瑞郎的7.93%。但值得注意的是,这些数据均发生在旧有的国际金融市场格局中,也就是大家都先跟美元或美元计价资产联系起来的“盘子”中。若从这个“盘子”外看,却有着另一番图景:截至2016年7月末,即人民币跨境贸易结算开闸7周年之际,人民币跨境结算累计规模为40万亿元;而截至2017年8月末,这个数字已达到惊人的168万亿元。这一现象的产生,可被视为“人民币走出去”的成绩。而理解这一现象,需要联系两个事实来看:中国与“一带一路”沿线国家贸易增速远快于中国外贸整体增速,中国与新兴贸易伙伴之间人民币结算量以更快速度增长。

可以发现,当今世界上,正在兴起一个不同于美元交易网络的人民币交易网络,以人民币及人民币可购买的商品为“服务器”。虽然人民币兑美元在2017年累计升值幅度不是主要货币中最高的,但却是2017年5月中旬之后涨速最快的。而5月中旬与9月初,也恰与“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛及金砖国家领导人厦门会晤相呼应。全球性的人民币交易网络随着新兴国际市场网络而兴起,意味着人民币的崛起之路并非先与美元相联系,而是自主成为“服务器”。这或许就不难理解,为什么基于“人民币涨跌取决于人民币—美元相互关系”的华尔街“大空头”逻辑,在现实面前翻了船。

(作者系中国人民大学重阳金融研究院首席研究员)

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