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腾讯网易云音乐对蒲公堂?国外教科书级音乐版权管理模式有哪些值得借鉴之处?

2017-09-07 14:45:41   中国青年网

处于巨头行列的腾讯和网易近来纷争不断,双方就旗下在线音乐平台版权问题对蒲公堂。国内版权问题愈演愈烈,而国外的音乐版权市场却一片祥和。国外良好的音乐版权集体管理制度,在遏制版权恶性纷争,有效地为音乐平台、唱片公司、用户和音乐人等各个相关利益方提供了有效保障,值得国内学习借鉴。

组织职责明晰,以保护唱片公司和音乐人收益为主要目的

与国内市场不同,国外著作权集体管理机构的主要职责是帮助版权所有者追踪、收集、清算和分配各项版税,并收取一定??的服务费,用做管理版权事务、维系组织生存的重要收入来源。另外,部分著作权管理组织也会进行涉及版权相关的诉讼、仲裁等,部分机构还会帮助会员获取工作机会。

版权收费公开透明,平等授权许可门槛低促健康发展

各个在线音乐平台、使用者均能以同等条件获得词曲的版权许可。比如在美国,几乎所有唱片公司都会加入一个或多个版权集体管理组织,使用者只需与这些组织打交道,就能获得使用音乐所需的全部许可,美国著作权管理组织收取15%费用。

不同于中国唱片公司和在线音乐服务商私下约定版权许可费,多数国家都会指定专门机构监督集体管理组织的许可费标准。版权价格通常是公开透明的。以美国ASCAP为例,一个小规模的夜店每年需要付出的版权费大约在200美元至700美元。在版权问题上实行价格歧视将被被告上法庭。法国SACEM就曾因对当地迪厅的收费比德国GEMA的收费高出15倍,被法庭认为触犯了《罗马条约》第86条遭到处罚,成为著作权史上的知名案例。

各著作权管理组织通常会在收取的版权许可费用中提取一定比例费用,以维持组织生存。非盈利组织因为低廉的管理费明显更受小权利人欢迎。在美国,ASCAP和BMI的市场份额占到了97%,而SESAC仅占约3%。

著作权管理模式集体化,欧盟和美国堪称教科书级典范

国外著作权集体管理组织的存在,本质上是国外用第三方的制度、法制力量,对版权进行统一管理,统一价格,平等授权,并以此限制和预防独家版权模式。典型的以欧盟模式和美国模式为代表。

欧盟模式允许音乐曲库在欧盟范围内统一管理,允许跨区域使用。早在1926年,国际作者作曲者协会联合会(简称CISAC)即宣告成立,成为欧盟比较有代表性的著作权集体管理组织。而到了2014年,欧盟委员则明文规定权利人可以自由加入或退出著作权集体管理组织。新增音乐作品线上权利的跨国许可,减少了地域阻隔性,在版权使用费的收取和分配方面进行调整,细化了内外部监督机制。为互联网时代下音乐作品的广泛传播提供了极大便利,推动了欧盟文化一体化进程。欧盟各国在音乐著作权方面同样也得到了包括环球、索尼、华纳在内的全球大型唱片公司支持,避免了因管理范围重叠引发的权限不清问题,可以最大程度上实现著作权人的利益。

美国模式则允许音乐使用者获得授权许可或单一项目许可,通过ASCAP将大量音乐作品一次性授权给使用者,再以会员制的方式按年收取费用。避免了版权人在作品使用中与使用者之间重复协商的成本,同时也方便了使用者对作品的利用,提高了音乐作品的利用率。与此同时,美国三大著作权管理组织还通过对电台、电视、网站以及表演场所等可能的音乐版权使用场合进行密切的计算和监测。多手段配合遏制了版权侵权行为。

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