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独家版权模式纷争不断,国外的经验值得借鉴

2017-09-05 07:50:48   中国青年网

国内在线音乐市场的竞争,开始从产品体验走到了法院诉讼。腾讯音乐和网易云音乐近日因独家版权歌曲侵权问题互相诉诸法庭,在线音乐版权之争进入白热化阶段。纷争之下,业界也开始出现了向国外先进经验学习的声音。

欧美日等音乐发达市场,音乐平台数量众多,为何版权诉讼案件却极为少见?答案很大程度上在于海外已有了两百年沉淀的音乐版权集体管理制度。它不只遏制了独家版权争恶性端,更有效地为音乐人、唱片公司和用户、音乐平台等各个利益方提供了全面保障。

一、国外版权管理:由中立的著作权集体管理组织统一运作

早在19世纪末20世纪初,多数国家便已陆续设立了特定的著作权集体管理组织,对著作权进行集体管理,并辅以法律法规等做有效规约和限制。及至今日,这一组织已成为主流国家的“标配”。音乐词曲作者、唱片公司将版权统一转移到著作权集体管理组织,委任管理。再由集体组织向音乐使用者(在线音乐平台、卡拉OK等)进行集中授权许可,收取版税,并将所得版税分配给权利人。在制度规约下,公开表演权的版税成了音乐作品创作人重要的收入来源。

著作权集体管理组织通常为非营利性组织,极少数为盈利性的公司。国际上的著作权集体管理机构主要有两种类型,大陆法系(欧洲大陆国家)一般采用垄断型的集体管理方式,仅设立一个组织统一管理国内著作权,并从法律上或事实上维护其垄断地位,然后在制度上对其市场行为进行严厉限制。德、法国等欧洲国家是典型。

德国唱片公司版权主要交由GEMA(德国音乐作品表演权、复制权集体管理协会)管理,法国交由SACEM(法国作者作曲者音乐出版者协会)管理,香港地区交由CASH(香港作曲家及作词家协会)管理等。这一模式的优点是,可以避免力量分散、重复管理,提升效率,防止同业恶性竞争。组织成立的成立通常需经过政府部门许可,并接受法律、社会的公开监督,以避免集体管理机构滥用权力。例如,日本就曾针对音乐著作权管理机构JASRAC颁布专门法律,针对著作权登记、收费标准、争议解决机制进行规定。

英美法系(指美国和英国)则一般采用自由竞争型的集体管理模式,一个领域内允许有两个或两个以上集体管理组织互相竞争。这一模式从制度上推崇竞争,强调集体管理组织之间以及著作权人与集体管理组织之间的竞争,同时辅之以适当的行政和司法介入。例如,美国有三大著作权集体管理组织(PROS):即ASCAP(美国作曲家、作家与出版者协会)、BMI(音乐广播公司)和SESAC(欧洲戏剧作家和作曲家协会)等。其优点是市场准入的自由,可以有效遏制获得垄断地位的组织索获取高额许可费的行为。各机构为了获得竞争优势,也往往采取最有效的运作方式,尽力获取用户、降低成本,让权利人获得更多版税收入。

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