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复盘在线音乐十年发展史:是版权混乱还是监管缺位?

2017-09-07 14:25:42   中国青年网

上次,网易云音乐诉腾讯音乐集团旗下酷我音乐侵权《欢乐颂》歌曲事件还未平息,腾讯音乐又再次收到来自网易云音乐的“诉讼文书”,这次事件还是起因于其旗下酷我音乐的侵权行为。而在此之前,双方也曾多次因版权问题而诉诸法院。面对腾讯音乐和网易云之间的版权之争,国内在线音乐市场引发了较大范围对“音乐版权”的探讨,有人认为音乐行业采用的“独家模式”不利于行业发展,有人还认为版权保护不应与独家版权混为一谈。

但在笔者看来,这些仅仅是市场规则不够严谨所导致的表面问题,最根本的或许在于相关机构的无作为,致使市场的规范性欠缺,进而引发版权纠纷。

首先回顾一下国内在线音乐市场的发展轨迹:

从2000年的P2P下载与MP3格式兴起,到2001年-2005年间,网络音乐的流行,让音乐分享模式与传播载体发生改变。免费及盗版也日渐冲击国内音乐市场的利益,引起环球、百代、华纳、索尼、BMG这五大国际唱片业巨头的强烈不满,全球巨头全产业法律诉讼开始。再到2006年-2015年,各类在线音乐维权事件频频曝出。期间,2006年,百度收购千千静听,打开行业资源整合先河。

至2015年,国家版权局颁布“最严版权令”《关于责令网络音乐服务商停止未经授权传播音乐作品的通知》后,版权问题稍显稳定,加速国内在线音乐的发展进程。有关方面预计,2017年我国音乐产业市场规模将达到3300亿元其中数字音乐市场规模将达到590亿元。同时,独家版权也逐渐成为国内在线音乐平台的主流形式。

而后,百度音乐选择和太合音乐集团合并;阿里巴巴集团宣布成立阿里音乐集团;酷狗音乐、QQ音乐、酷我音乐也合并为腾讯音乐集团下的三大主平台;并于2016年7月15日,和中国音乐集团(CMC)达成合并共识。网易云音乐也凭借其独有的音乐产业生态体系为大众追捧。至此,国内在线音乐市场进一步集中。

整体来看,中国在线音乐经历“弹性播放”“盗版维权”“版权稳定”三大进程之后,成长周期或已进入瓶颈期。正所谓“祸兮福所倚,福兮祸所伏”。“最严版权令”颁布之后,独家版权在净化产业的同时,资本涌动、独家垄断也开始显现。至今,除了腾讯音乐集团、网易云音乐、阿里集团、百度集团之外,也许市场已无可以与之抗衡的在线音乐平台了。或许,这样“四足鼎立”的局面对于市场来说是十分利好的,毕竟有竞争才能有发展、有进化。但腾讯音乐集团近段时间的表现,不免落人口舌。据网络公开资料显示,仅腾讯音乐娱乐集团的版权曲库便占到了中国总曲库的90%,包含华纳、索尼、环球等多家顶尖音乐在内的独家音乐版权。市场份额的强势占位,让腾讯音乐集团的社会话语权加大。此外,手握绝大部分音乐版权的腾讯集团及其旗下三大平台却屡陷侵权事件。被多家在线音乐平台及数位独立音乐人诉诸法院。

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