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两大国内音乐巨头又尬上了,快看看国外经验是怎么处理音乐版权问题的

2017-09-07 10:45:41   中国青年网

今年8月,注定是在线音乐市场水逆的一月。

继上次网易云音乐起诉腾讯音乐娱乐集团(TME)旗下酷我音乐侵权《欢乐颂2》多首歌曲之后,刚过一周,8月30日,网易云音乐因其独有版权《跨界歌王》多首歌曲,再次起诉酷我音乐侵权。在此之前,腾讯音乐也曾因独家版权歌曲侵权问题将网易云音乐诉至法庭,这两大国内音乐巨头的较量再度升级。在线音乐版权市场的尴尬境地暴露无遗。

相对于中国在线音乐市场的困境,欧美日等音乐发达市场却鲜少出现版权诉讼案件,尤其是这种互诉类性质。分析来看,这很大程度在于国外音乐市场已有两百余年的音乐版权管理经验:由中立的著作权集体管理组织统一运作。这不单单遏制了独有版权纠纷的恶性循环,更有效的为音乐人、音乐公司、音乐平台,尤其是音乐用户提供了全面保障。

业界开始出现了向国外先进经验学习的声音。

一、国外版权管理:由中立的著作权集体管理组织统一运作

早在19世纪末20世纪初,多数国家便已陆续设立了特定的著作权集体管理组织,对著作权进行集体管理,并辅以法律法规等做有效规约和限制。及至今日,这一组织已成为主流国家的“标配”。音乐词曲作者、唱片公司将版权统一转移到著作权集体管理组织,委任管理。再由集体组织向音乐使用者(在线音乐平台、卡拉OK等)进行集中授权许可,收取版税,并将所得版税分配给权利人。在制度规约下,公开表演权的版税成了音乐作品创作人重要的收入来源。

著作权集体管理组织通常为非营利性组织,极少数为盈利性的公司。国际上的著作权集体管理机构主要有两种类型,大陆法系(欧洲大陆国家)一般采用垄断型的集体管理方式,仅设立一个组织统一管理国内著作权,并从法律上或事实上维护其垄断地位,然后在制度上对其市场行为进行严厉限制。德、法国等欧洲国家是典型。

德国唱片公司版权主要交由GEMA(德国音乐作品表演权、复制权集体管理协会)管理,法国交由SACEM(法国作者作曲者音乐出版者协会)管理,香港地区交由CASH(香港作曲家及作词家协会)管理等。这一模式的优点是,可以避免力量分散、重复管理,提升效率,防止同业恶性竞争。组织成立的成立通常需经过政府部门许可,并接受法律、社会的公开监督,以避免集体管理机构滥用权力。例如,日本就曾针对音乐著作权管理机构JASRAC颁布专门法律,针对著作权登记、收费标准、争议解决机制进行规定。

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