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关于慕课的三个版权问题

2017-09-07 13:57:14   中国青年网

所谓“慕课”(MOOC),是指一种颠覆传统教学类型的网络化学习模式。慕课具有如下特点:第一,由于是网络课程,所以课程学习人数动辄成千上万;第二,慕课学习并无身份门槛,有兴趣的网民在注册后都可加入课程与讲师学习、研讨、互动;第三,所有学习内容都是在线完成。尽管慕课的起源可以追溯到20世纪60年代的西方,但在我国目前仍属于新兴事物,其在各高校的发展态势如同雨后春笋。

其中,不可避免地出现一些新的版权问题,值得关注。

问题一:慕课课件的版权如何确定归属?

从目前情况观察,慕课课件一般是由相关教师在所属高校的资料、设备、资金的支持下开发,其教学内容往往也体现出高校的工作任务和学科规划,因此符合现行《著作权法》关于职务作品的定义。其中,对于主要利用高校的物质技术支持,并由高校承担责任的课件,相关的开发者只有署名权,其他著作权由高校享有;对于其他情形的,著作权由开发者(往往是相关教师)享有,但所属高校有权在其业务范围内优先使用。

问题二:慕课学习者作业的版权如何确定归属?

在慕课课程的学习中,学习者需要发言互动,并需要在线提交作业。这就涉及一个问题:慕课课程学员的发言或者作业,如果构成作品的,其版权如何确定归属?对于这个问题,目前的慕课一般通过合同条款予以解决。根据典型的慕课合同条款,参与某个慕课课程的学员,需要授权慕课出品方对学员在学习中的各种发言和作业进行各种利用。

笔者认为,从有利于教育普及、节省社会成本和信息对称的角度来看,这一版权许可条款难以看成“格式条款”。但是,值得一提的是,对于一些需要提交篇幅较长的论文的课程,课程参与者需要慎重考虑相关的授权问题,因为这意味着其论文成果将会被课程制作者再度利用、传播。

问题三:传统的“合理使用”规定面临新挑战

在传统的教学过程中,恰当使用他人作品,本来属于典型的“合理使用”。现行《著作权法》第22条规定,“为个人学习、研究”或者“为学校课堂教学或者科学研究,翻译或者少量复制已经发表的作品,供教学或者科研人员使用”,可以不经著作权人许可,不向其支付报酬。之所以课堂教学使用他人作品被列为“合理使用”,原因有二:首先,《著作权法》并非纯粹保护作者个人私益,而是要兼顾作者私益和社会公益的平衡,因此,当面临社会教育公益和作者私益的冲突时,作者私益要做适当让步;其次,尽管牺牲了作者部分私益,但仍然是符合正义的,因为对作者私益并没有造成显著的侵害,因为无论是从使用程度、使用规模、使用场所,都尽量控制以达到对作者的版权的不利影响降到最低程度。因此,允许在课堂教学合理使用他人作品在其他国家也有类似规定。

但是,目前慕课教学模式的出现使得这一平衡出现危机:首先,对他人作品的使用是在网络上,已经不再是少量的“复制”,而是大规模的“信息网络传播”;其次,慕课学员数量巨大,已经不是传统课堂有限人员规模可比。在此背景下,机械地适用传统的《著作权法》第22条的关于课堂教学的条款进行侵权抗辩,难免力不从心。值得一提的是,国务院法制办于2014年6月公布的《中华人民共和国著作权法(修订草案送审稿)》第43条相对现行《著作权法》第22条已在原有的12种具体情形后又加了兜底条款,即第十三项的“其他情形”,从而为判断慕课中使用他人作品是否构成“合理使用”留下了空间。但是,值得注意的是,即使在慕课中使用他人作品可以被认可为“合理使用”,慕课的制作者仍需注意对他人作品的利用程度不能违反版权侵权判定的“三步检验法”,具体体现于我国现行《著作权法实施条例》第21条中,即“使用可以不经著作权人许可的已经发表的作品的,不得影响该作品的正常使用,也不得不合理地损害著作权人的合法利益”。

(作者系上海市第二中级人民法院法官)

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