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控辍保学关键是整体提高义务教育质量

2017-09-06 06:16:48   中国青年网

改革开放以来,党中央、国务院高度重视义务教育工作,义务教育覆盖面、入学率、巩固率持续提高。但受多种因素影响,我国一些地区特别是老少边穷岛地区仍不同程度存在失学辍学现象,初中学生辍学、流动和留守儿童失学辍学问题还比较突出。此次出台的《关于进一步加强控辍保学提高义务教育巩固水平的通知》,针对我国义务教育发展的新情况新问题,从“依法控辍”“质量控辍”“扶贫控辍”“保障控辍”等方面提出了控辍保学的工作机制与具体措施,这些政策组合拳发力精准、有的放矢,对新时期我国义务教育发展提供了重要指导。

义务教育发展具有历史阶段性,制约义务教育发展的主要矛盾也因时而变。从1986年义务教育法颁布到2000年我国基本普及九年义务教育,此阶段义务教育的主要矛盾是数量型供求矛盾。通过新建扩建改建学校,扩大班级容量让学生有学可上。2000年以来,义务教育面临的主要矛盾逐步发生转变,从数量型供求矛盾转变为质量型供求矛盾。“城镇大班额”、“村小空壳化”、北上广等特大城市流动儿童“入学门槛”越来越高的事实表明,义务教育质量不均衡导致老百姓“用脚投票”,选择优质教育机会。因此,如何让义务教育适龄儿童享受有质量的教育,让孩子们“愿上学”“上好学”成为新时期义务教育发展的主要矛盾。从义务教育发展历史进程看,义务教育发展的初期阶段学生失学辍学的主要原因是经济上和财政上的,“因贫辍学”成为辍学的主导模式;义务教育发展的高级阶段学生失学辍学的主要原因是因为孩子缺乏学习兴趣、认为“读书无用”,“厌学辍学”成为新的辍学模式。“厌学辍学”既与区域经济发展水平、社会风尚、家庭教育观念有关,也与教师教学水平、教育发展模式相关。有研究表明,师生关系,同伴交往、学习压力、教育激励方式等因素会影响儿童学习动力和学习兴趣。因此,现阶段治理义务教育失学辍学的重点应当是解决“厌学辍学”。整体提高义务教育质量,增进学校吸引力,以优质教育供给满足多元化教育需求是控辍保学工作的重点。

从根本上看,提高教育质量不是用外在的统一的标准衡量差异化的个体,片面追求高学业成就,片面追求升学率。高质量教育的本质是为不同区域、不同种族、不同家庭背景和不同个性特征的儿童提供适宜的教育,是尊重个体差异基础上的“因材施教”。整体性提高义务教育质量,其关键是瞄准重点区域、重要要素和重点人群。所谓“重点区域”是指老少边穷岛地区,我们要在战略上高度重视这些区域的教育质量提升问题,在经费保障、师资培训、课程开发等方面加大支持力度,缩小上述区域与发达地区的教育发展差距。所谓“重要要素”是指师资队伍。在城乡与区域差异巨大的背景下,“优质优价”的市场机制导致中西部地区大量优秀教师不断向发达地区流动。尽管中央和地方政府实施了一系列教师发展政策,如“免费师范生政策”“特岗教师计划”“城镇教师轮岗交流”等,但上述政策难以阻挡优秀教师向发达地区流动的步伐,优秀教师的流失导致老少边穷岛地区学校质量下降,学校教育的吸引力下降。所谓“重点人群”是指初中阶段儿童、流动儿童和留守儿童。家庭对教育的投入是人力资本投资,是一项有风险的投资。对社会弱势群体而言,教育投资的风险更大,其抵御教育投资风险的能力更弱。相对小学阶段,初中阶段儿童更了解自己的学业状况,家庭判断孩子读书是否有前途有更充分的信息。在农村地区和贫困地区,那些学习成绩不好的初中生更有可能失学辍学。在田野调查中,我们常常听农民这样说:“孩子是读书的料,砸锅卖铁也要供他读;如果不是读书的料,趁早出去打工或学一门手艺。”

城镇化发展和大规模人口流动,挑战了义务教育属地化的管理体制和资源配置机制。流动儿童随父母迁移,流入地与流出地政府缺乏对接机制,或者因流入地城市“入学门槛”太高,导致一部分流动儿童在流入地城市无学可上,这是导致流动儿童失学辍学的主要原因。那些与父母分离,滞留在农村老家的留守儿童更易出现心理问题,因缺乏有效的监管和监护,农村留守儿童也可能成为失学辍学的高危群体。针对不同群体的辍学诱因,我们应当采取有针对性的策略。在常规的经济支持和财政帮扶的基础上,尤其应当关注社会弱势群体家庭子女的心理发展、社会交往、学习动机、学业表现,并给予及时有效的支持。因此,建立控辍保学动态监测机制势在必行。这种监测不仅要强化学生失学辍学情况监测,把农村、边远、贫困、民族地区和流动人口相对集中地区等作为重点监测地区,更应当监测学生的学情与学习状态,建立涵盖基础信息和学习信息的教育大数据,及时诊断和筛选可能“厌学辍学”的高危群体,为学校干预、家庭干预和社会干预提供准确的信息,为政策实施提供有效依据。

(作者:雷万鹏,系华中师范大学教授、教育学院院长)

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