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三百里滇池艰难重生路

2017-08-22 04:17:09   中国青年网

游客乘观光溜索观赏滇池古滇湿地风景。新华社发

【绿色发展绿色生活·难点求解】

“滇池南畔农家住,北望蛇山迤画长。烟雨空蒙山海际,画图那得请担当。”在清代大儒赵藩的诗句里,滇中腹地的滇池是一幅天朗气清的世外桃源图。

10年前,来自全国各地的游客兴冲冲地到昆明海埂准备一览“五百里滇池”的风光,不料滇池水面如绿漆覆盖,蓝藻恶臭扑面而来,滇池成了一幅令人绝望的“死水微澜图”。

近日,记者来到滇池边,只见湖面波光粼粼,清风拂面,没有了“绿漆”,没有了恶臭。湖水已从劣Ⅴ类水提升到Ⅴ类水。

滇池今日的蜕变重生,倾注了国家和云南省20余载的治理之功,也是昆明人自我救赎的巨大回报。

滇池蒙难

昆明学院有个滇池流域生态文化博物馆,记载了滇池的历史变迁:在第三纪时期,滇池湖面达1800平方公里,至明清时期降至350平方公里,如今仅剩309.5平方公里。滇池的萎缩经历了上亿年,而滇池水质的急剧恶化只是近30年间的事。

20世纪70年代,昆明人“向滇池要粮”,大举围海造田,缩减了滇池水域和湖滨生态湿地;80年代末开始,昆明城市规模扩大、人口增长导致入湖污染负荷迅速增加,人类活动超出了滇池的环境承载能力,水质迅速恶化到劣Ⅴ类,富营养化严重。20世纪90年代初,滇池成为我国污染最严重的湖泊之一。

造成滇池变脏变臭的元凶,正是昆明人自己。在滇池管理局宣传处副处长吴静然看来,90年代昆明大量使用的水冲厕所是一大灾难,所有粪便未经处理直接冲入滇池,滇池成了昆明城的下水道。

“滇池症状在水中,根源在陆地。”滇池生态研究所副高级工程师何峰一句话道出滇池的病因。他回忆,10多年前的滇池环湖岸边几乎都是农田、鱼塘和蔬菜大棚,大雨一来,田地、鱼塘里的污水、化肥直接流入滇池。

在2003年,昆明市还提出“一湖四片”的新昆明建设规划,昆明城要环滇池发展,滇池将成为城中湖。此规划虽受到一些专家学者的质疑,但一段时期内昆明城仍按此规划扩张发展。直到近几年这一规划才销声匿迹,转而被“以水定城,量水发展”的原则取代。

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