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双边贸易谈判要比“301条款”更必要

2017-08-21 08:41:48   中国经济网

许凯

传言往往是早来的真实。当地时间8月14日,美国总统特朗普以实际行动证实了这条“颠扑不破的真理”。据说,他中断了在新泽西州自家高尔夫度假村的休假,回白宫签署了一份行政备忘录,授权美国贸易代表莱特希泽(Robert Lighthizer),典型的鹰派贸易现实主义者,审查中国的贸易行为。在签署这份备忘录前,总统先生照例发表了一段讲话,这段讲话成为当日中国微信群热传的视频。

如之前媒体所推测,行政备忘录的切入口是知识产权,所依据的是美国的国内法《1974年贸易法》的“301条款”。在中美“百日计划”刚结束一个月,特朗普迫不及待地悬起了一把剑。特朗普政府没对突然悬这把剑做进一步的说明,不过他的举动透露着,他又给自己找到了一个筹码进行贸易报复,来施压中国。只是,这个筹码的象征意义更大一些。

他太喜欢指责了。尤其是执政半年多,忧远远大于喜的成绩单让他的支持度大减。媒体统计他就任半年来,发了近千条推特,却仅仅收获了70年来总统任职半年最低的支持率(《华盛顿邮报》和美国广播公司数据为36%,彭博为40%)。总统先生在经济方面的成绩也差强人意,他越发在意尽快取得些成绩宽慰支持他的选民。由于中美贸易不平衡是两国都非常关心的议题,向美国最大的贸易伙伴国施压,表达强硬姿态,就是他这个总统所热衷于去做的事情。

总统先生选的是一种不够理性也未必能奏效的方式。说非理性,并不是说不理解总统先生的策略,通过不断施压来逼中方让步,但这种策略需要不断寻求新的筹码,不断提起新的议题,但问题是,双边贸易不能建立在一方对另一方持续施压的基础上,不仅贸易失衡无法通过某一方的让步而解决,还会给施压者留下个“麻烦制造者”的印象。

讹诈策略的长处在于,可在一时取得利益,但对实力均衡的对手而言,却无法长期取得利益。比如中美,为了缓和中美贸易紧张,中方提议“百日计划”,而且很快在牛肉进口等方面做出大幅度让步,比如7月份对美的进口就增长了24.2%。但计划才刚结束,又一把剑悬起来了,中方不可能悬起剑就让步,那不是双边贸易的正常规则。而且,援引“301条款”的调查,据美方官员吹风会所言,调查程序要长达一年。1975-1993年间美国共发起86次调查,美国最终实施制裁的有15次。中方不妥协,美方不让步执意制裁,不说概率多大,即使真成为事实,那可能随之而来的是贸易战。

贸易战是中方所不希望的,想必也不是美方所能承受的。在中国的措施篮子里,也有可用的贸易报复手段,但这些手段不会轻易使用。中美互为重要的贸易伙伴,数据显示,美国26%的波音飞机、56%的大豆、16%的汽车、15%的集成电路出口目的地都是中国,近10年美国对中国出口年均增长11%,几乎是同期中国对美国出口的两倍。特朗普需要的贸易发展,绝不是中方的贸易报复。

非理性贸易报复的恶果是,贸易伙伴得时常提防着什么时候就成为靶子,而无法专注于双边贸易的正常化。美国退出TPP(跨太平洋伙伴关系协定)重谈NAFTA(北美自由贸易协定)等,其用意是弱化WTO(世界贸易组织)框架而重新确立贸易规则。美方已经和10多个国家签署双边贸易协定,目前尚未同中国、欧盟、日本等签署。中美开启双边贸易谈判,并签订高水平的双边贸易协定,相比贸易战,倒不失为更合适的选项。

总统先生可能尚未考虑这些,估计还未从情绪高昂的贸易讹诈中走出来。强烈建议总统先生放弃非理性的策略,坐到谈判桌前。中美贸易不应该是零和游戏,一个相对稳定的双边贸易框架,绝对是两大经济体之所需。(作者系本报副总编辑)

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