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最高法副院长谈于欢案:如何适用正当防卫制度

2017-06-26 08:28:48   最高人民法院官网

第四,统筹兼顾正当防卫司法裁判的法律效果与社会效果。当前,一些涉正当防卫案件的裁判之所以引发炒作,成因十分复杂,但症结往往在于司法自身,我们必须反躬自省:有的是裁判说理过于简单、不够明晰,让人产生误解;有的是案件审判过程不够公开透明,遭致外界质疑;有的是案件裁判结果与民众的朴素情感发生较大偏离,无法获得社会认同;等等。解决这些问题,要求我们在刑事审判中必须统筹兼顾案件裁判法律效果与社会效果的有机统一。司法的社会效果以法律效果为前提,是建立在依法公正裁判基础上自然形成的一种司法公信。对于正当防卫制度的司法适用,同样要在坚持法律效果优先的前提下兼顾社会效果。正当防卫制度的正确适用,要求我们在严格依照刑法规定处理案件的基础上,最大限度地考虑民众的期望与关切,真正做到“努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义”。须知古往今来,再良善周密的法律也无法包罗世间万象。司法裁判,既要追求法律正义,也要兼顾社会正义,体现对民意的尊重,这恐怕是司法审判必须长期坚持的一种理念。对于定性复杂的个案,在认定正当防卫还是防卫过当抑或普通故意犯罪棘手时,我们要学会借助群众的智慧,关注社情民意,将司法的专业判断与民众的朴素情感结合起来,在法律规定的范围内确保裁判结果最大限度地接近社会预期。统筹兼顾裁判的法律效果和社会效果,必然要求我们进一步提升司法审判能力,通过规范的法庭审理,全面核实案件事实证据,全面听取当事各方意见,全面回应当事人和社会关注的正当防卫、防卫过当等问题,充分发挥庭审的关键作用;必然要求我们进一步加强裁判文书说理,针对正当防卫、防卫过当等影响定罪量刑的重大争议问题,释法析理精准到位,充分回应当事人关切,引导当事人依法理性看待裁决;必然要求我们下大力气做好服判息诉工作,对于造成重大损害、特别是致不法侵害人伤亡的正当防卫案件,要在依法独立公正行使审判权的基础上,认真做好当事人亲友工作,以真心换真情,赢得理解,化解恩怨。

第五,统一正当防卫制度的法律适用标准。“徒法不足以自行。”法律关于正当防卫制度的规定只能是原则的,而将抽象的刑法条文适用于具体案件,虽然难度不小,但却是司法的精义所在。就个案而言,刑事审判法官通过综合判断全案的事实和证据,综合考量案件的前因后果,对法律规范作出合乎情理的解释,是确保正当防卫制度正确适用的基础。当然,从司法统一的角度上看,则需要通过制定司法解释、发布指导性案例等多种方式在最大程度上统一正当防卫制度的法律适用标准。正当防卫制度法律适用涵盖的问题较多,既涉及价值判断、政策考量等宏观问题,也涉及不法侵害的判断、防卫限度的把握等具体问题。在制定和完善相关司法解释的同时,在统一法律适用标准的形式上可以有所创新,比如采取“指导意见+典型案例”的形式就比较便捷、实用。在指导意见作出原则规定的基础上,充分发挥案例针对性强和易于把握的特点,用典型案例指导类似案件的裁判,确立正当防卫制度法律适用“由具体到具体”的参照标准,可以有效规范刑事自由裁量权,确保同类案件的法律适用基本统一、裁判尺度基本相同、处理结果基本一致。

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