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“于欢”案的二审审理无疑是近年来具有重要标志意义的法治事件,其意义不仅在于通过公开、透明的审理方式,让公众充分感受到司法的严谨、公开、公正,从而有力增强了法治信仰、树立了司法权威,更大的意义还在于通过让公众充分参与对案件事实、证据以及法律适用问题的讨论,进一步加深了公众对正当防卫这一关涉公民基本权利行使法律条款的认识和理解,从而有效提升了公民的权利意识和守法意识,这在大力倡导民主和法治建设的今天尤为重要,切实体现了司法注重指引、规范人民生活的重要功能价值。
对正当防卫的理解与适用,理论和实务界在不法侵害是否存在的判断标准、可以防卫的不法侵害范围、正当防卫限度的认定标准等问题上尚存在一定的争议,“于欢”案二审裁判文书在全面查明案件事实的基础上,从防卫的目的、时机、对象、限度等方面对于欢行为是否具有防卫性质,能否认定为正当防卫作了全面、深入的分析、论证,既紧扣法律条文规定,又充分吸取了学术界关于正当防卫的有益观点,同时,充分考虑了天理、人情等伦理道德因素,切实体现了人民法院司法裁判遵循“国法”、不违“天理”、合乎“人情”的要求,对类案的审理将起到重要指引作用。这里,笔者仅从学理角度,对裁判文书中的一些观点作简单述评。
一、如何把握正当防卫条款的立法精神。1997年修订的刑法典第20条对正当防卫制度作了三处重要修正,其立法原意和立法精神就是为了强化防卫权,鼓励公民勇于实施正当防卫。应当看到,刑法对正当防卫、见义勇为行为的倡导、鼓励,不能简单理解为法律要求公民不考虑面临的危险程度和自身反击能力,一味选择防卫,所以刑法第20条也仅是授权性规定,而非强制性的规定。这种鼓励,应理解为,法律通过豁免或减轻防卫人的责任,为防卫权的行使提供必要的保障,从而为公民实施防卫行为扫除后顾之忧,使公民在遭受不法侵害时敢于挺身而出、勇于斗争。按照这一立法精神要求,笔者认为,在司法程序中对正当防卫的认定,也应当贯彻总体从宽的政策要求,一方面要从宽掌握正当防卫的认定标准和条件,应当认定的要积极加以认定,确保正当防卫的合法性得到正确评价;另一方面,对属于防卫过当的案件,在量刑上要切实体现从宽的政策要求,从而以司法兑现立法价值,为公民与不法行为相抗争提供有力的武器,促进全社会形成维护正义、弘扬正气、保护善良的良好风气。至于“于欢”案件,二审裁判文书正确把握了正当防卫条款在鼓励公民与犯罪行为作斗争方面的立法精神,在准确适用法律的基础上充分考虑案件涉及的人情事理,体现了对正当防卫的条件和限度适当放宽,不仅认定了于欢行为具有防卫性质,并且显著减轻了量刑,为正当防卫条款的司法适用树立了正确的导向。
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