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最高法副院长谈于欢案:如何适用正当防卫制度

2017-06-26 08:28:48   最高人民法院官网

第三,根据常理常情考量正当防卫制度的司法适用。刑事审判固然要严格依法裁判,但严格司法并非固守单纯法律观点、机械执法、就案办案、孤立办案。我国有着数千年的文化传统,天理、国法、人情深深扎根于民众心中。无论是司法政策的制定,还是具体案件的办理,都必须努力探求和实现法、理、情的有机融合。正确适用正当防卫制度,同样必须考虑常理常情,尊重民众的朴素情感和道德诉求,反映社会的普遍正义观念。这里我想重点讲讲防卫限度的判断问题。正当防卫的成立,要求在限度条件上没有“明显超过必要限度造成重大损害”,否则可能构成防卫过当。在我看来,对于防卫限度的判断,不仅要将法律的规定了然于胸,而且要充分考虑常理常情,否则就不会得出恰当的结论。基于常理常情,对于正当防卫限度条件的考量需要注意以下几点。其一,要全面整体进行考量。司法实践中,有司法工作人员经常以“对方打了你,但并没有打伤你,你却把他打伤了”“你都把人打成这样了还是正当防卫”为由,认定防卫人的行为构成防卫过当。这实际上是陷入了“对等武装论”与“唯结果论”的认识误区。何为必要限度?显然,我们无法运用一个数学公式来简单地对不法侵害人的利益损害情况和防卫人的利益损害情况进行计算从而得出孰轻孰重的结论,而是应当在全面分析不法侵害的强度、缓急、性质,侵害方与防卫方的力量对比,现场情势等事实和情节基础上进行综合判断,必须是具体案件具体分析。特别是,对不法侵害要整体看待,要查明防卫行为的前因后果,考虑防卫人对持续侵害累积危险的感受,而不能局部地、孤立地、静止地看待,将防卫行为与防卫瞬间的不法侵害进行简单对比。其二,要设身处地为防卫人考量。一般认为,正当防卫的限度应当以足以制止不法侵害的需要为标准。但是,何为制止不法侵害的需要?显然,我们不能要求防卫人是一个冷静理性的旁观者,而是要还原到防卫人所处的境遇之下,换位思考问问自己“假如我是防卫人我会如何处理”,设身处地想想“一般人在此种情况下会如何处理”。防卫行为通常类似丛林状况下的应急反应,要求防卫人在孤立无援、高度紧张的情形之下实施刚好制止不法侵害的行为,不仅明显违背常理常情,而且违背基本法理。其三,要适当作有利于防卫人的考量。正当防卫的实质在于“以正对不正”,是正义行为对不法侵害,依据“邪不压正”的常理常情,也不能将二者等量齐观。相反,在防卫过当与正当防卫认定存在争议时,应当适当作有利于防卫人的认定;即使认定防卫过当,也应当充分运用“减轻或者免除处罚”的规定裁量处理。特别是,要妥当处理防卫人因恐慌、激愤而超过防卫限度的问题。实践中,许多不法侵害是突然、急促的,防卫人在仓促、紧张的状态下往往难以准确地判断侵害行为的性质和强度,难以周全、慎重地选择相应的防卫手段。对此,要尽可能根据案件具体情况作出符合法理和情理的判断,包括合理选择减轻处罚还是免除处罚,以及考虑减轻处罚的具体幅度等。

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