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上海外来常住人口首次负增长 这15万人为何逃离

2016-03-14 21:00:00   中国经济周刊

“2012年上海进行了一次流动人口动态监测调查,我们发现,上海从事制造业的外来人口只有6.9%最后转行到批发零售、住宿餐饮和居民服务业,其他人始终从事制造业;而且这6.9%还是多年来的转移存量,不是说今年制造业裁员6.9%,这6.9%的原产业工人马上就能转移到其他行业去。所以在当年没有足够岗位吸纳这些人口的情况下,他们只能选择离开上海。”陈沁这样分析。

上海财经大学人口流动与劳动力市场研究中心主任陈媛媛也表示,上海出现这样的负增长与近年产业结构发生变化造成一部分人口外迁密不可分。

不过,相比北京、深圳的困难重重,上海控制人口的效果仍然有些出人意表,并不是单纯产业转移可以全盘解释。一位不愿具名的上海统计局人士告诉《中国经济周刊》记者,另一个重要原因在于周边城市群的截流效应,“北京周边是‘环首都贫困带’,深圳地理位置相对超然,上海周边则环绕着长三角最富庶的城市群,南京、杭州、苏州、宁波这些二线城市这几年的快速发展使上海失去绝对的中心地位,也从一定程度上截流了涌入上海的外来人口数。”

另一方面,虽然目前并无细分数据显示上海对于高端人才的吸引力也在下降,但上海生活成本高企已是不争的事实。人力资源咨询机构ECA国际的一项生活成本调查显示,上海已经跃升亚太地区外派人员生活成本最高的城市。

  “守住常住人口规模底线”

人口减少对于上海究竟意味着什么?是交通不再拥堵?是房价回归理性?任何丰满的设想都可以遭到现实一击。在更多学者的理解中,人口变动的负面信号可能会让上海危大于机。

最直接的影响体现在劳动力市场。按照上海人口年龄结构以及人口普查给出的从业人员比例,常住2415万人中,正在工作的人口有1341万人,约占总人口的55.5%。其中,本地户籍的从业人员有635万人,外来户籍的从业人员有706万人。也就是说,本地户籍人口有44%在工作,而外地户籍人口有72%在工作。

“人口自然变动持续负增长,人口迁移又受严格控制,使人口增长呈‘封闭’特征的人口动态,这将不可避免导致上海未来劳动力不足,人口高龄化迅速发展,社会负担日益加重,城市发展活力渐趋弱化。”复旦大学人口研究所所长王桂新表达了他的担忧。

实际上,在一线城市中,上海人口变动之所以出现这样的负面信号也和自身活力欠缺的特征难以割裂。“上海是国企、外企的乐园,小微企业、创业型企业远远少于北京、深圳,而且上海的房价高是刚性的,相比之下,深圳有4.2亿平米违法建筑为缓冲,所以上海人口吸引力下降。”刘晓博如是分析。

不可否认的是,由于长期处于超低生育率状态,如果再缺少了移民,上海户籍劳动年龄人口将出现负增长和日益老化的现象,而青年人口的大量减少除了造成劳动力资源萎缩外,还将加剧这座城市的活力不足和创新能力下降。有模型测算,2020年后,上海老龄人口占总人口比例将达到30%以上,老龄化将成为制约上海未来发展的一个重要因素。

王桂新建议,上海应该借鉴东京做法,破解人口难题。在他看来,东京面积仅为上海的34%,却容纳了上海90%以上的人口,人口密度达上海的2.65倍,但仍然在进入21世纪后推出《东京构想2000》,大力促进东京“都心”再生,进一步扩增人口规模,上海应该仿效不少发达国家探讨或实施“补充移民”,适度放开长期以来对外来人口入迁严格控制的关卡。

不过,人口是一个综合难题,还必须考量城市本身的承载能力。在去年年底讨论上海“十三五”规划的市委全会上,“守住常住人口规模底线”被列为底线之首,并明确写进规划纲要之中,当时目标设定的是,到2020年上海的常住人口必须控制在2500万人以内。去年2426万人的数字或许意味着未来5年上海都将继续控制人口增长。

责任编辑:李皓 CN002
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