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最高人民法院解读物权法最新司法解释

2016-02-23 14:36:36   “法影斑斓”公众号

同理,司法解释第6条也贯彻了上述原则。

简而言之,登记与物权归属的关系是:对内,实事求是;对外,公示公信。

二、不动产登记制度与债权人保护:物权秩序与交易安全的双重保护

我国现行的房地产开发制度,使开发商能够在房屋交付之前获得融资并开发,这类制度,对于促进房地产开发市场的发展,不无裨益,但对购房人获得房屋所有权,却有现实威胁。实践中,老百姓最为担心的是,钱付了,房拿不到。开发商或者一般出卖人一房二卖、一房多卖等现象屡见不鲜。

解决此类问题,现行法上有其手段。物权法第20条规定的预告登记制度,就是为保障买房人等债权人实现物权目的而规定的一项制度。这一制度,直至建设部《房屋登记办法》和国土资源部《土地登记办法》的颁布实施,才具体落地。到2015年的《不动产登记暂行条例》,预告登记制度已蔚然成型。

本司法解释在有限篇幅内,用两条规定了预告登记制度,足见该问题之重要、适用之广泛、情况之复杂(关于实践中出现的问题及其解决思路,可参阅姜强:《预告登记:实务、规范及其周边》,载本人公众号Junnylaw)。

预告登记制度在本司法解释中的规定及其在实践中的应用,一方面尊重了以登记为表征的物权秩序,另一方面,对于尚未获得物权的债权人,以预告登记方式保障其获得物权,加强其债权的效力,并由此建立起债权与物权相互沟通的桥梁。

可以说,预告登记制度在技术上实现了物权秩序与交易安全的双重价值。

三、基于法律文书的物权变动:物权变动与债权行为区分的逻辑延伸

基于人民法院、仲裁委员会的法律文书导致的物权变动,物权法第28条规定,自法律文书生效时即发生效力,无需登记,但其处分权受限制(物权法第31条)。

但是,哪些法律文书能够导致物权变动,实践中多有争议。尤其是,实践中有将继续履行合同的判决认定为导致物权变动的法律文书的现象。如此,导致产生以法院判决替代履行行为,以法院判决替代物权登记,并导致物权秩序紊乱、实际权利状态与登记权利状态不一致的现象,进而影响到下一步的交易安全。

司法解释对此正本清源,坚守物权法债权行为与物权变动二分的体系原则,将直接导致物权变动的法律文书限定为改变物权关系、而排除履行债权的判决书等(第7条),这一规定,维护了既有的物权秩序,保护了未来的交易安全。

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