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最高人民法院解读物权法最新司法解释

2016-02-23 14:36:36   “法影斑斓”公众号

在体系上,本解释可以区分为三大部分:一是不动产物权的登记问题,具体而言,解决登记制度与物权归属和物权变动的关系问题;二是物权的共有问题,主要解决共有权人之间的权利冲突、权利配合与权利行使问题;三是善意取得问题,包括善意取得的前提条件、善意的认定标准及其时点等问题。

从理念上看,我认为,这一司法解释,从现实出发,以问题为导向,实现了实践与规范的互动;它在强调物权秩序的同时,也更加强调物的效率,在已有的条件下,注重调和权力与权利的和谐共存,注重实现物权秩序与物权效率的共赢。

笔者认为,本司法解释,约有以下诸端,实现了前述理念:

一、不动产登记与物权归属:内有规矩,外有方圆,内外有别

物权法实施后,不少法官、法院都将不动产登记簿是物权归属和内容的根据(物权法第16条)这一规定当成了金规玉律,由此认为,既然物权的归属和内容是以不动产登记簿为准,已经登记的不动产产生权属争议的,应当先撤销或者变更登记。而登记在现行法上又是一种依申请的行政行为,因此应当先提起行政诉讼撤销或者变更不动产登记。

举例而言,张三、李四共同出资购买房屋并约定共有房屋,但因各种原因申请登记在张三名下。后双方生隙,李四起诉至法院请求确认房屋共有权,不少法官和法院认为,李四应先提起行政诉讼撤销该登记,才能确认其共有权。

这种看法及做法,一是未能全面理解不动产登记的公示效力;二是将权利的表征与权利等同视之,认为表征不变,权利就不变;三是颠倒了权利与登记之间的关系,真实权利状态决定登记而非登记决定真实权利状态;四是造成当事人诉累,形成行政诉讼不能认定登记错误、民事判决不能确定权属,并因此而循环无解的尴尬局面。

本司法解释第一、二条即是对上述实践问题的回应,基本原则是:登记的公示效力在于保障对外的交易安全,因其公示而具有公信力,因此,在涉及第三人交易时,登记具有公信力,不以实际权利状态为准而以登记为准;在处理不涉及第三人的内部关系时,登记的公信力不发生作用,实事求是是基本原则。

具体而言,不动产物权的归属争议、不动产登记的基础关系的争议都可纳入民事诉讼。内部关系上,依据真实权利状态确定权利人,而非依据登记确定权利归属。

如此,前述案例,李四提起民事诉讼法院应当受理,李四提出其出资以及双方关于共有约定的证据,法院应据此认定李四为共有权人。

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