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最高人民法院解读物权法最新司法解释

2016-02-23 14:36:36   “法影斑斓”公众号

四、共有制度:以物的利用效率为导向的规则设计

共有制度所面临的问题是,多个主体共有一物,必将影响物的使用效率,如何协调,考验着法律人的智慧。

对此,司法解释的基本导向是,在保障物权人权利的前提下,以技术化的手段尽量提升物的利用效率,具体表现为:

一是在优先购买权行使场合上,排除共有人因继承、遗赠等原因发生转让时其他共有人的优先购买权、排除共有人之间转让共有份额时其他共有人的优先购买权(第9条、第13条),这一规定,维护了优先购买权的行使应基于共有人转让份额这一意思自治的前提;

二是在优先购买权的保护上,明确规定程序规范作为当事人意思自治的补充,例如要求转让人发出通知、明确行使期间等(第11条),为共有人优先购买权的行使设定切实可行的规则,抛弃早期单纯宣告交易无效的事后保护路径,强调事前和事中保护,更具操作性;

三是从正反两个方面明确优先购买权中的同等条件的含义(第12条),回应实践中优先购买权人行使权利不及时、行使权利不对等的问题。

四是同等条件下,明确多个优先购买权人按比例行使的规则,解决了多个优先购买权的冲突问题,维护了共有人的人合性特征(第14条)。

五、善意取得:物权归属与交易秩序的琴瑟和鸣

对善意取得制度的讨论,在我国民法理论界和实务界,几乎无人不予、无话不说,再加上我国合同法第51条所引发的争议,更是观点纷纭。如何取舍?如何以既有观点和制度回应实践中的问题?挑战着司法者的能力(关于善意取得制度在实践中的问题及其应对,可参见司伟:《善意取得:案例及展开》,载本人公众号Junnylaw)。

对此,司法解释采取的原则是,区分合同法有关制度与善意取得制度的功能:前者解决合同的效力、履行等问题,而后者则承担确定物权归属的职责;前者意在确定交易秩序,后者旨在确定物权归属。并由此实现物权归属与交易秩序的相辅相成。具体表现在:

一是不将合同无效或者有效作为善意取得制度适用的前提,而将登记权利人实际无处分权作为善意取得制度适用的条件(第15条),从而使善意取得制度保护善意第三人获得物权的功能更加纯粹,也使合同法相关制度与善意取得制度更加协调;

二是强调登记对于不动产受让人善意的推定作用,并反向列举影响推定效力的登记类型。由此,使登记作为物权公示方法,在正反两个方面发挥作用(第16条);

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