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最高人民法院解读物权法最新司法解释

2016-02-23 14:36:36   “法影斑斓”公众号

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原标题:【斑斓·权威】最高法院姜强法官解读物权法最新司法解释

作者|姜强(最高人民法院民一庭法官)

法律人都知道,物权法两大特征,一是本土性,二是基础性。

所谓本土性,是指它总是与一国、一地区的传统和历史息息相关。例如,美国的物权制度中,联邦与各州的财产范围以及私人财产范围各有畛域,在若干场合,复杂得令人咂舌,这与美国的殖民地历史、西进运动乃至南北战争都息息相关。而我国台湾地区的现行土地制度,也与上世纪50年代宝岛上发生的土地改革相生相依。所以,一国有一国的物权法,与全世界大同小异的合同法规则恰恰相映成趣。

所谓基础性,是指物权法确定了一国一地区的基本财产秩序,大到土地能否私有、房屋如何获得,不动产如何公示,小到动产如何流转,都在规范之内。这不仅仅是一国之内各个主体能否各得其所的秩序,更为重要的是,它是国民进行交易的基础,是财产流转的前提,甚至是一国一社会道德环境的重要因素。所谓,有恒产者有恒心,无恒产者无道德。

也因此,物权法是国家权力与私人权利的共同地带(所谓强制性与任意性)、是秩序与效率的重叠场域。

关于物权法,最高法院曾于2009年颁布《最高人民法院关于审理建筑物区分所有权纠纷案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》。这一司法解释,旨在解决我国城市居民住房市场化已经发展至一定程度、商品房成为城市居民主要居住形态的背景下,“业主”对房屋的权利问题。

通俗地说,就是大家对于所购买的那套“单元房”,在法律上拥有何种权利,这些权利在实践中如何行使,以及产生纠纷时法院应如何裁判的一套规则。应该说,作为物权法的第一个司法解释,这个文件顺势而为、相时而动,对于解决城市居民小区中的车位问题、房屋的范围问题、业主的民主投票问题、业主对于小区绿地的权利等问题,起到了开创性作用。

而今天最高法院发布的《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国物权法〉若干问题的解释(一)》(下称物权法司法解释),则将目光投向了更为基础性的问题上。这一司法解释,以物权法总则为主要解释对象。这不仅是因为实施将近十年的物权法在实践中遇到的问题越来越深刻,需要在更为根本的层次上解决,还因为,将近十年审判经验的积累和理论总结,为在更深层次上解决这些问题,提供了思路、技术与工具。

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