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就业歧视屡禁不绝 媒体:是时候出台反就业歧视法了

2016-01-26 10:12:58   中国新闻网

此外,司法实践中对歧视受害人的救济严重不足。许多法院把歧视案件作为一般人格权的纠纷处理,往往只让加害人承担数额非常有限的精神损害赔偿和赔礼道歉。在一些案件中,虽然还对受害人的经济损失提供救济,但通常仅赔偿直接的费用支出和信赖利益的损失,而没有对求职者丧失工作机会的未来损失给予补偿。

谢增毅建议完善反就业歧视立法,增加禁止年龄歧视的规定,完善反就业歧视法裁判实践。法院要进一步积极受理歧视案件,明确将“就业歧视纠纷”作为独立案由,利用立案登记制改革的时机,积极受理就业歧视案件。要通过立法或司法解释完善歧视案件的举证规则,只要受害人能够提供受歧视的表面证据,用人单位就要承担反驳的举证责任。要加强对受害人的救济,用人单位对受害人失去工作机会等未来经济损失应当给予赔偿。

同时,要进一步提高政府在反就业歧视中的作用。目前我国可以考虑在人社部门内部设立独立机构,负责反就业歧视监察和平等权的促进。政府机构以及相关社会组织应加强宣传教育,消除用人单位不正确的认识。只有用人单位树立正确的认识和良好的法律意识,才能有效预防和减少就业歧视。

虽然出台反就业歧视法刻不容缓,但是这部法律的立法痛点也确实不少。

比如,在适用范围上,除了适用于用人单位招录劳动者外,是否适用于国家机关招录公务员、事业单位和社会团体招录工作人员,是适用于所有用人单位,还是考虑对小微企业豁免适用?对就业歧视的界定,除了直接歧视外,是否包括间接歧视?除了现行法律规定禁止的歧视现象外,是否增加规定禁止年龄、学历、身体特征(身高、体重等)、前科歧视?举证责任方面,是否打破“谁主张,谁举证”,实行举证责任倒置或合理分配举证责任?抗辩事由方面,除了劳动保护措施、就业优惠措施和基于公共利益需要进行的就业限制等法定事由外,是否规定用人单位基于合理需要提出的真实职业资格为抗辩事由?

“反就业歧视立法是为了保护劳动者的平等就业权或公民的平等权,但也应平衡和协调劳动者平等就业权和用人单位用人自主权的冲突。”中国政法大学民商经济法学院副教授杨飞指出,由于反就业歧视涉及到劳动者平等就业权和用人单位用人自主权的平衡,涉及到法律对意思自治的限制,涉及到平等和自由两大基本原则和价值的平衡,因此不能把生活中的歧视现象都认为是法律禁止的歧视,而应当坚持对合同自由的限制必须由法律来规定。

杨飞建议,反就业歧视法既适用于用人单位招录劳动者,也适用于国家机关招录公务员、事业单位和社会团体招录工作人员,采取统一立法模式。“需要注意的是,国家机关录用公务员和用人单位招录劳动者有所不同。用人单位招录劳动者是私法上的行为,用人单位和劳动者之间适用意思自治原则,对意思自治的限制必须基于法律规定;但国家机关录用公务员的行为是行政行为,属公法上的行为,应当依法行政,应当对国家机关提出比市场主体(用人单位)更高的要求。但目前我国公务员法等法律对国家机关录用公务员的行为缺乏明确规制,这是一个很大的问题。”

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