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就业歧视屡禁不绝 媒体:是时候出台反就业歧视法了

2016-01-26 10:12:58   中国新闻网

性别歧视、年龄歧视、怀孕歧视、户籍歧视比较常见,甚至还存在相貌歧视、身高歧视、基因歧视等现象——在我国,劳动就业领域的歧视,无疑是当今最广泛、最严重却最不为政府和公众所重视的问题之一。

目前,我国的就业平等权在很大程度上还是一项停留在纸面上的权利。

“现在应当是认真研究制定反就业歧视法的时候了。”中国社会科学院法学研究所研究员谢增毅建议,在“十三五”期间制定出台反就业歧视法,“这不仅有利于保护公民的就业平等权,也是适应经济新常态、积极促进就业的重要举措,同时也是贯彻五大发展理念,特别是共享理念的必要之举”。

记者了解到,近年来我国在反就业歧视立法和实践中取得了不少成就。

就业促进法专章规定了公平就业,明确禁止民族、种族、性别、宗教信仰歧视。

目前我国立法明确禁止的歧视事由主要包括7类,即种族、民族、宗教信仰、性别、残疾、传染病病原携带、社会出身等。

就业促进法还规定,劳动者遭受歧视时,可以向人民法院提起诉讼;用人单位侵犯劳动者合法权益的,应当承担赔偿责任。

除了国家层面的立法,有关行政机关的部门规章也涉及禁止歧视,例如人社部门出台的有关禁止乙肝歧视和规范体检的部门规章,有利于减少乙肝歧视。“这些规定有利于保护劳动者的公平就业权。”谢增毅说。

“虽然我国在反就业歧视立法和实践中取得了不少成就,但仍然面临严峻挑战,主要体现在立法不完善以及法律实施不理想两个方面。”谢增毅说。

首先,立法层面,法律对禁止就业歧视事由的规定仍过于狭窄,没有明确禁止年龄等基于其他事由的歧视。性别歧视是否包括基于变性、性取向的歧视也不明确;反就业歧视立法的规定过于原则,缺乏可操作性,受害人难以获得有效救济。我国法律仅仅列举了禁止歧视的事由,但歧视的定义、类型和构成要件、抗辩事由、举证责任、对受害人的救济措施都缺乏明确规定,导致法院处理案件困难重重;行政机构在反就业歧视中的作用弱化。相比许多国家设立专门的反歧视行政机构,我国行政机构反就业歧视的功能较弱。

其次,反就业歧视在实践中也面临诸多困难。一方面,法院在反就业歧视案件处理上仍然比较保守,存在立案难的问题。最高人民法院公布的民事案件案由并没有包括就业歧视纠纷。一些法院对歧视案件经常不予受理,就业歧视案件占整个民事案件数量的比例微乎其微。另一方面,劳动者举证责任较重,往往因缺乏证据无法维护自身合法权益。由于很多用人单位的歧视行为较为隐蔽,再加上我国缺乏就业歧视案件举证责任转移的规则,许多求职者或劳动者往往因举证困难难以胜诉。

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