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精准对接市场需求提升就业质量

2016-12-22 09:19:22   

原标题:精准对接市场需求提升就业质量

面临经济下行压力,要解决大学生就业难问题,部分高校教师和专家学者建议,政府、高校等需要加强引导大学生毕业分流的服务工作,做好从一线城市到非一线城市、从国企到民企的引导,提醒大学生避免“盲目创业”。此外,高校专业设置也要“面向未来”,发挥好技术进步对大学生就业的“补偿效应”。

北京大学就业指导服务中心教师吕媛说,学校应该加大力度开拓就业市场,主动向外地用人单位伸出橄榄枝,为学生带来就业机会。吕媛以及中国人民大学就业指导中心主任周荣建议,做好毕业生分流,需要重点做好“两个转移”:一个是通过地方选调方式,引导学生从一线城市到非一线城市;一个是随着国企招聘指标缩紧,需要引导学生多了解民营企业。

此外,对于目前出现的大学生创业热潮,部分高校教师与创业者认为,大学生创业成功率并不高,国家及高校亟待引导提醒大学生,避免其“盲目创业”,因为一旦失败,又不是应届毕业生,就业难度会更大,如何后续帮扶创业失败的大学生走出困境还需进一步研究。

随着经济下行压力加大,经济增长拉动新增就业岗位的能力受到制约,使得全国毕业生就业压力进一步加大,产生“倒灌效应”,促使更多外地大学生来到一线城市求职。以高校毕业生就业形势紧张的北京为例,北京市人力社保局分析,随着非首都功能疏解工作有序推进,传统产业和劳动密集型产业吸纳高校毕业生就业能力明显下降,新的就业增长点有待培育,且“高精尖”产业与高校毕业生的供需结构性矛盾更加悬殊,使得北京地区高校毕业生就业形势不容乐观。

部分专家认为,化解大学生就业难问题的治本之策,有赖于体制改革的深化和市场机制的完善,需要通过加快产业结构升级和发展方式转变来解决。在科技创新的今天,更需要发挥好技术进步对大学生就业的“补偿效应”。

浙江大学公共政策研究院院长姚先国说,部分大学生就业难的根本原因不在供给,而在需求。劳动力需求是一种派生需求,产业的结构和层次决定了劳动力市场需要具有什么样人力资本的劳动力。

姚先国认为,技术进步对就业的影响有双重效应。一是“挤出效应”,即在直接生产领域减少用工,甚至完全用机器人、机器手代替人工,既提高生产质量,又减少用工成本。二是“补偿效应”,即在减少生产工人的同时,增加其他领域的用工。这种“补偿效应”体现在两方面:一方面,生产企业将增加科技研发、设计和销售服务这两端的用工,使企业员工从“橄榄型”变为“哑铃型”,有利于企业提高劳动生产率和盈利水平;另一方面,技术进步将对员工素质提出新要求,也会支付更高的劳动报酬。而员工收入增加又会增加消费支出,从而增加消费部门的劳动就业。

姚先国说,第一种“补偿效应”会给高端人力资本拥有者提供就业机会,有利于大学生就业;第二种“补偿效应”有利于农民工就业,从而促进全社会就业的持续增长。但需要注意的是,由于技术进步对就业的作用是既“挤出”又“补偿”,一定时期内,技术进步对就业的净效并不会体现。

浙江省教育评估院院长施建祥建议,高校应该具有“面向未来”的思维。即要打通一级学科和专业类下相近学科专业的基础课程,开设跨学科专业的交叉课程,探索建立跨院系、跨学科、跨专业交叉培养创新创业人才的新机制,促进人才培养由学科专业单一型向多学科融合型转变,进而塑造特色化、专业化的创新型人才。

(责编:孙博洋、夏晓伦)

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