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医保基金缺口或将提前 过度医疗引发最大缺口

2016-01-22 09:20:53   第一财经日报

杨燕绥表示,2014年城镇职工医保统筹基金累计结余为5537亿元,看起来呈现逐年递增态势,实际上是假象。如果减去一次性趸交资金约2000亿元(包括财政对关停并转企业的一次性补贴、个人补交预交等资金),剩余部分仅够支付5个多月,还达不到人社部规定的至少备付6个月的要求。

现行医保由三个系统组成。城镇居民基本医保与新农合,理论上正在整合成城乡居民基本医保。这是自愿参保的,有政府补贴。最核心的系统是城镇职工基本医保,强制参保,个人费率2%,进入个人账户;单位费率6%左右,大部分进入社会统筹。

近年来,职工医保和居民医保都出现支出增幅大于收入增幅的状况,2014年职工医保支出增幅比收入增幅高1.1个百分点,居民医保支出增幅高出收入增幅9.0个百分点。如果这种状况一直持续下去,医保基金累计结余将被很快耗尽。

如何确认“待控制部分”

虽然《意见》表示,要将控制公立医院医疗费用不合理增长作为深化医改的重要目标和任务,但只要医疗费用继续增长,医保基金支出就降不下来。

清华大学医院管理研究院教授钱庆文称其为“锯箭法则”,也就是病人中箭受伤,外科先锯断,然后内科再治疗。体现在医保基金上,就是根据“总额预付”方式,即到年末医保基金用完之后,医院就不愿意再接受病人。

医疗保险基金的基本原则便是支付额不能超过征收额。总额预付就是为了保证医保基金收支平衡而产生的支付方式。

对于医保管理部门来说,行政化控费能起到立竿见影的效果,比如缩小政策支付范围、降低报销标准等等,这些手段一实行,当年的医保基金马上就会有结余。

然而,一旦医保基金结余的背后是个人付费比例的提高,不仅与医疗保障的初衷相悖,也会加重医患之间的矛盾。

社会保险实现全覆盖的目标之后,医疗费用支出比的理想状况应该是:社会保险支出占50%,主要用于补偿医务人员;财政支出占30%,主要用于公立医院建设;个人支出占到20%,主要用于购置药品和处置性费用。

但中国个人医疗费用支出已经远高于发达国家的水平,经合组织成员国的个人付费比例平均为10%,而中国比例占到了33.2%。一旦再次提高,看病贵的矛盾更加突出。

那么,如何才能实现医疗费用增长与经济社会发展水平相协调?

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