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我国验证大型航天器回收技术 与美国新一代飞船相当

2018-11-23 10:50:27   科技日报 

原标题:我国成功验证大型航天器回收关键技术

在我国以往的载人航天活动中,回收的神舟飞船载人舱重量约为3.5吨。记者22日从中国航天科技集团五院508所了解到,该所研制的大型群伞系统和大载重着陆缓冲系统结合,可将回收重量增加到7吨以上,与美国新一代猎户座飞船达到同一水平。

近日,该所采用直升机外挂投放7吨级模型的方式,成功进行我国首次大型群伞系统及大载重着陆缓冲系统空投试验,对多项载人航天领域关键技术进行了考核验证,主要技术指标达到国际先进水平。

508所有关专家介绍,相比神舟飞船的单伞系统,群伞系统由2顶减速伞、3顶主伞组成。

减速伞主要用于航天器再入返回时的初级减速。此次验证的减速伞为全新研制产品,承载能力较传统产品有质的提升,同时伞型设计也兼顾了高阻力性能和一定的稳定性。主伞在折叠包装、拉直开伞及充气展开环节进行了优化设计,保证各伞之间充气的一致性和同步性,以满足群伞系统的工作特性。

该群伞系统以热备份方式工作,并通过多级收口与展开,降低开伞载荷,使各级最大开伞载荷基本保持一致,大大降低了对结构强度的要求。

大载重无损着陆回收对着陆缓冲系统提出了更高要求。依托航天器无损着陆技术实验室创新平台,科研团队突破了多气囊组合缓冲动力学建模与仿真、复杂气囊结构设计、多层多体气囊复合工艺、气囊主动排气控制等多项关键技术。

由于着陆缓冲过程时间极短,科研团队研制出高灵敏度着陆敏感器等产品,解决了快速响应着陆缓冲控制问题,使着陆缓冲系统能够精确按照舱体过载实时进行差异式主动排气控制,以保证系统工作可靠性和返回舱着陆稳定性。

记者了解到,神舟飞船的着陆反推发动机只能一次性使用,而气囊缓冲系统经过结构检查后可以重复使用。此外,为实现返回舱垂挂转换功能,给气囊着陆缓冲创造条件,科研团队采用新型材料研制了耐高温、耐磨损的高强度垂挂吊索,强度达到神舟飞船垂挂吊索的4倍,但重量只有其60%左右。

据介绍,多项大型航天器回收重大技术取得突破,不仅能为载人登月、运载火箭回收以及重型装备空投等重大任务提供技术基础,也向后续15吨级载荷无损回收目标迈进了一步。(科技日报北京11月22日电)

责任编辑:梁云娇 CN079
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