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关于对撞机,杨振宁七条理由都不成立

2016-09-05 15:43:51   知识分子公众号

中国的政治与美国完全不同,对大工程建设实际上有其优越性,偶然性较小。今天的中国已经干了很多美国人不干、或干不了的事,未来这样的事还会有。SSC失败,不代表我们就不能建造大型加速器。我们应该要科学仔细地分析,同时要做好国际合作,做好管理,控制预算。

(2)到底需要多少钱?我们规划的大型对撞机项目(以周长为100公里算)分两步走:第一步正负电子对撞机(CEPC)建设阶段,约在2022-2030年间,工程造价(不包括土地、“七通一平”等)约400亿人民币。如果这第一步成功,CEPC有新物理的迹象,且高场磁铁所需新型超导材料技术成熟,其价格降到合理水平(比如~20元/千伏安米),我们可以走第二步质子对撞机(SPPC)阶段,工程造价在1000亿人民币以内,时间是在2040-2050年左右。这里如果减去国际贡献约30%,中国政府应该出资大约300亿人民币(每年30亿)和700亿人民币(每年70亿),但不包括未来的通货膨胀。这里有一个“第二阶段”是为了说明这个方案有极为长远的科学寿命,可以带动更重要的技术发展(如高温超导),是对“第一阶段”科学及技术意义的一个补充。我们现在讨论其设计也是为了保留未来发展的可能性,避免因为考虑不周,比如加速器隧道周长与截面大小等,把未来发展的可能性给堵死了。有这样一个第二阶段的长远目标也会对高能物理和相关技术的发展有重大意义。

(3)这个价格估计是否可靠,是不是会成为无底洞而重蹈美国SSC的覆辙?首先我们知道在过去50年间,国际上有许多成功的加速器工程(如LEP,LHC,PEPII,KEKB/SuperKEKB等),也有许多不太成功的加速器工程(ISABELLE,SSC,FAIR等)。这里不成功的都是质子加速器,电子对撞机还没有不成功的先例。原因主要还是质子加速器较为复杂,对超导技术的前瞻与预估较难,不易在技术、造价与指标上有一个恰当的把握。指标高了造价会超,指标低了又显得过于保守。

国内大型工程成功的案例很多,高能所建所40年以来,在北京正负电子对撞机、大亚湾中微子实验、散裂中子源、ADS注入器等超过亿元的大型加速器及探测器工程中,均按工期、指标完成,实际造价与预算相比,连5%都没有超。我们有成熟的估价、建造、管理经验。

事实对CEPC的估价我们采用了两种办法:

1)分解法:将各设备部件造价相加;

2)类比法:与国内外已完成的同类装置与设备相比。

在总价和系统级,两种办法必须在20%以内一致。

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