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媒体解析南海仲裁不公正性:法庭由日本法官组建

2016-05-29 10:06:48   中国台湾网

本案中,由于柳井法官不是争端任意一方当事国国民,为此,本文主要考量其是否“无法承担此项职责”。

本条款是对国际海洋法庭主席在特定情况下指派、组建特设仲裁庭权利的制约,是法定的回避事由,目的正是为了确保主席的公正性不受减损。尤其在争端双方未就仲裁庭组成达成一致的情况下,确保代为指任仲裁员的权利主体的公正性无减损,成为了仲裁庭有效组建的基本要求。

本文认为如果柳井法官存在对表象偏见的合理担忧并足以影响其公正性,就应构成“无法承担此项职责”的法定回避情形。

综上,柳井法官与日本政府的关系不仅仅止于一位前资深日本外交官,其言行表明柳井法官对本案争端一方当事国中国持公开的反对态度;其司法职能外行为使得柳井法官与日本安倍政府保持密切关系与司法职能的公正性、独立性要求相冲突;其个人的职业发展也可能会从此中菲南海仲裁案的裁决结果中获益。

这些都充分佐证了对于柳井法官的公正性存在减损的合理担忧,理应构成法定回避事由。因此,柳井法官的公正性存在瑕疵,构成法定回避事由,理应回避此案。

仲裁庭既乏代表性,法官也有问题

第一,仲裁庭构成的代表性不充分。

法庭构成代表的充分性要求是由国际争端解决的本质决定的,只有尽可能的满足法庭构成的充分代表,才能在程序上尽可能确保公正,使得判决能够得到广泛认可与执行。

本案的仲裁庭由4位欧洲籍仲裁员、1位非洲籍首席仲裁员构成。众所周知,中菲南海问题是一个亚洲地区的、由来已久的、区域性的、高政治敏感度的重点海域纠纷。但是,仲裁庭中不仅没有亚洲籍仲裁员的参与,也没有任何现任仲裁员的背景显示其对争端一方当事国中国的法律体系、相关区域复杂的历史与现实问题具备必要充分的了解。

因此,中菲南海仲裁庭的构成未能满足公正代表的充分性要求,其构成使得仲裁庭的公正性存在瑕疵质疑的可能。

第二,仲裁庭的组成人员与他案高度重合导致预设、预判可能。

中菲南海仲裁庭中的5位仲裁员,除代中方指派的波兰籍Pawlak法官暂未列席其他案件,其余4人均作为其他仲裁案的仲裁员列席,其中尤以Mensah法官(5起)与Wolfrum法官(3起)最为频繁。

仲裁员过往充分参与的其他案件可能会对本仲裁造成影响,这在BHP第9段有所提及,主要是出于对仲裁员可能存在预设立场或预判结果的担忧。

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