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给自己定制一份家庭理财规划

2017-09-28 07:42:51   

北京信息科技大学经管学院副教授李建良特别提醒,在了解家庭财务现状时,需要对何为资产有明确的认识。“从理财的角度来说,只有带来未来现金流入的财产才是真正的资产,不能带来未来现金流入甚至还需要花钱去维护的所谓资产,其实是债务。举例来说,汽车自用就是债务,用作滴滴专车就是资产。”在他看来,理财要尽量避免买入那些实为债务的所谓资产。

不同阶段各有侧重

“从一个人的生命周期看,理财阶段可以根据不同的年龄,分为不同阶段。人生短短几十载,时间稍纵即逝。无论是每一个人还是每一个家庭,都需要根据每一阶段的人生特点,对消费和投资做出合理的安排。”张涛说。

具体来看,在25岁至34岁的奋斗阶段,家庭形态大多表现为择偶、结婚或有学前子女。投资活动主要是为买房攒钱,投资方式适宜以基金定投、股票、银行保本理财为主,保险计划则是意外险与寿险兼顾。

进入35岁至44岁的积累期,子女上中小学,这一阶段的投资活动主要在教育基金方面,同时可投资房产、股票、基金、银行理财产品及实业,保险计划以寿险与养老险为主。

在45岁至54岁的保持阶段,子女一般都已上大学,家庭最重要的任务就是养老防病以及准备子女的结婚费用。投资固定收益率较高的理财产品,以及购买养老保险与寿险、重大疾病保险等,是这一阶段的主要投资手段。

到了55岁至60岁的轻松期,子女独立,离家外出打拼并开始自食其力。对大多数家庭来说,这是一生中财富负担最轻的时候,人到暮年也需要为退休做准备。因此,此时的投资主要以医疗险、固定退休年金的险种为佳。

60岁以后进入退休期,如果在年轻时期有良好的财务规划,就可以在家安心养老了。这时家庭形态以夫妻二人为主,很有可能形成“空巢家庭”。投资活动以享受生活、规划遗产为主,投资工具可以选择房产出租、存款、银行保本短期理财、国债为主,保险计划是专项老年险。

在张涛看来,在人生的不同阶段,人们看重的财富领域有所不同,因此规划的重心也应该不同。最重要的是,每个人需要认清自身定位,然后结合个人实际情况,制定合理的财富管理规划,才能取得较好的效果。

风险防范不可少

风险无处不在,不可预测的风险经常会给家庭财富带来沉重打击。

究竟有哪些风险需要特别关注呢?据张涛介绍,风险大致分为以下5类,一是传统风险,包括无法预料及难以避免的风险,如意外、疾病等;二是人性风险,比如冲动、贪婪、虚荣、逐利等;三是长寿风险,如存在养老金缺口及养老生活品质;四是职业/事业风险,即失业、破产、清盘等;五是相关政策风险,如税收制度调整、行业标准变化等。

在发达国家理财市场,一般将家庭理财风险划分为三个层次:一是保障性风险,即无法保证最基本生活水平的风险;二是市场性风险,即无法维持现有财富水平和社会地位的风险;三是成就性风险,即渴望打破财富瓶颈并提升生活水平的风险。对任何一个家庭来说,首先需要防范保障性风险,然后才是保持适当的财富水平和实现财富等级的跃升。保险作为财富配置中最基础的环节,是应对第一个层级即保障性风险的主要配置之一,因此每个家庭都应适当配置。

实际上,在不少业内人士看来,一个家庭要想尽可能地规避风险,需要重点关注财富的增值、财富的保全以及财富的传承三个方面。其中,财富的增值是金融市场中产品类型最多、渠道最多的方面,比如银行理财、基金证券等;但在财富保全以及传承方面,金融工具却屈指可数。

从目前国内的情况看,随着家庭理财观念的变化,家庭财富管理的核心已经从财富增值过渡到财富保全。“这方面的需求主要源于家庭资产总量的不断增加。由于资产闲置往往会带来购买力下降,所以家庭资产总量越大,保值的需求就越大,这也是家庭财富防范风险的基础和第一步。”张涛说。

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