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黄河变清调查:绿色巨变藏风险 小水小沙隐患重

2017-09-25 11:27:36   瞭望

原标题:黄河变清调查

  大河“清流”

2000年以来,世界上输沙量最多、含沙量最大的河流——黄河,泥沙含量锐减,悄然出现变清态势。

黄河潼关水文站实测数据显示,2000年至2015年,年均入黄泥沙量仅为2.64亿吨,较天然来沙均值15.92亿吨减少83.6%。虽然同期黄河径流量较天然时期年均值减少46%,但黄河含沙量却也大幅下降71%,降至目前10.8公斤/立方米。

历史记载可查的“黄河清”共有43次,最长的一次为1727年,黄河澄清2000余里,持续20多天。新世纪以来的“黄河清”,持续时间之长远超记载,史所罕见。

1946年人民治黄以来,古老的黄河首次得到系统性治理,彻底扭转了“三年两决口,百年一改道”的险恶局面,实现了70年安澜。其中重要原因就是近20多年来黄土高原生态治理成效卓著,正发生着由“局部好转、整体恶化”向“整体好转、局部良好发展”的历史性转变,平均每年拦减入黄泥沙4.35亿吨。

《瞭望》新闻周刊记者调研了解到,黄河来沙这一新变化,不仅影响下游“悬河”河道冲淤发展趋势,更关系到未来治黄战略的制定,和已有治黄重大规划的实施。近年来,国家有关部门组织多个课题组研析成因、预判黄河来沙情况,但没有形成统一认识,未能就这一变化属于趋势性还是周期性作出判断。

目前,黄河泥沙锐减之后,一种乐观论调抬头,认为黄河泥沙问题基本解决,黄河已成为世界上安全系数最高的河流。但采访中,黄河水利委员会和一些治黄专家认为,在黄河下游“悬河”局面未变、黄土高原泥沙无限供给状况未变的硬条件下,黄河洪水“悬剑”依然高悬于黄淮海平原头顶。被水土保持措施拦住的泥沙,只是在沉睡,一旦被超强降雨唤醒,会以惊人的量级入河,高含沙大洪水就会袭来。

7月26日,位于陕北的黄河支流无定河发生超历史洪水,4500立方米每秒的洪峰挟沙量高达980公斤每立方米。当灌入绥德县城的洪水退去后,人们发现,部分路段淤沙竟厚达1米。随即支流洪水叠加,黄河形成1号洪水……7月28日10时,洪峰演进至小北干流合阳段时,高含沙洪水对河床剧烈冲刷,将河底泥土大块大块掀起,形成罕见的“揭河底”现象……

在治黄专家看来,黄河“大考”未穷期。

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