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防控地方债风险需再加力

2017-09-22 06:42:09   中国经济网

防控和化解地方政府债务风险,必须从根源入手,加大改革力度,通过一系列实质性的配套改革彻底根除相关问题和隐患。这需要调整完善目前对官员晋升的考核机制;明确界定政府职能和财政支出范围,变“万能政府”为有效政府;调整和完善政府间财政关系,充实和完善地方税体系;规范地方政府债务管理,防控财政风险;加快推进政府投融资体制改革

国家审计署日前公布的《2016年度中央预算执行和其他财政收支审计工作报告》显示,截至2017年3月底,审计署审计的16个省、16个市和14个县本级政府债务风险总体可控,但政府承诺以财政资金偿还的债务余额,较2013年6月底增长87%,其中基层区县和西部地区增长超过一倍。地方政府不规范“举债”行为使相关地方财政风险不断增大。

地方政府此前借钱较多的原因主要有三个方面:第一,干部考核机制不科学。以往的政绩评价指标中,以GDP、城市建设、重大工程为导向的问题普遍存在,加之考核问责不涉及政府债务,在一定程度上刺激了某些地方干部举债发展。第二,财权事权不匹配。分税制财政体制改革后,财权逐级上移,事权逐级下放,教育、医疗、民生工程、社会福利等方面都要地方政府安排各类配套资金,使地方财政特别是基层财政“入不敷出”,一些资金只能通过举债筹措。第三,债务监管不规范。前些年,有的地方举债决策缺乏科学规划和有效论证,更多地体现为长官意志,导致举债规模没有受到严格限制。

防控和化解地方政府债务风险,必须从根源入手,加大改革力度,通过一系列实质性的配套改革彻底根除相关问题和隐患。

一是调整完善目前对官员晋升的考核机制,逐步淡化GDP增长以及与之相关的指标在考核体系中所占比例,将晋升地方政府官员的标准转到辖区内的居民福利和公共服务水平提高等方面上来,并将居民对公共服务的需求偏好纳入对官员晋升的考核体系中,以提高地方政府提供公共服务的质量。

二是明确界定政府职能和财政支出范围,变“万能政府”为有效政府。国务院和财政部出台的相关文件已经明确规定,PPP模式和政府购买公共服务应主要集中于基础设施建设和基本公共服务领域,对于竞争性领域的政府投资要坚决退出,完全交给市场去调节,政府有限的资金要优先保障和改善民生,为人民群众谋福祉。

三是调整和完善政府间财政关系,充实和完善地方税体系。首先,中央政府要在认真履行好自身明确职责的基础上,适度上收一部分事权,包括基本公共服务兜底类事权、部分资源环境类事权和基本生存条件类事权等。同时,中央应适度向地方政府下放部分财权,包括一定的税收政策制定权和必要的税种选择权。当前,中央应结合营改增全覆盖,尽快调整中央与地方政府之间的收入划分办法,关键是培植地方政府的主体税种,建立健全地方税体系。当下最为可行的对策是,在进一步深化资源税和环境保护税等税制改革的同时,加快推进房地产税制度改革。

四是规范地方政府债务管理,防控财政风险。下一阶段,要严格按照《预算法》和《国务院关于加强地方政府性债务管理的意见》要求,实施政府性债务动态监控,确保政府债务全口径预算管理制度落到实处。实行政府债务管理规模控制,开展政府债务限额管理工作,合理确定发债规模。对地方政府一把手的考核必须制定相应的“债务指标”,认真落实“终身问责,倒查责任”,加快建立地方政府可控的举债、还债机制。

五是加快推进政府投融资体制改革。进一步推进政府投资基金化改革,财政支持产业发展的资金主要采取基金方式运作。继续规范推广政府、企业和社会力量合作模式(PPP),规范PPP项目操作程序,建立健全合理投资回报机制。认真落实财政部出台的《关于坚决制止地方以政府购买服务名义违法违规融资的通知》精神,完善相关政策,在依法依规运作的基础上,继续扩大政府购买服务的范围和规模。

(作者于长革系财政部财政科学研究院研究员 来源:经济日报)

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