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零售变革:把线下当苦力 这是最糟糕的

2017-09-24 07:31:52   中国经济网

与国内合作的众多模式不同,美国的零售商都是自建电商平台。一个公司内部容易产生两个渠道之间的竞争,就得通过调节分享激励机制来解决,让每个人都愿意为线上服务。本质上,就是利益分配问题。

国外有很好的案例,但是不一定所有的案例都适用,比如百思买将线上线下信息同步,线下人员工资由提成改为固定工资,所以就不存在提成问题,再通过其他管理方式限制员工吃大锅饭的问题。雅芳开通线上渠道之后,线上卖货根据地址来判断属于哪个代理商,按地域划分返点。渠道之所以冲突,就因为利益,只要把利益的问题解决,才能更好的发挥协同作用。

如果线上线下都是一家公司那么容易解决,但国内的合作多为不同的两家公司,这在未来极易出现问题,不仅要面临利益分配的矛盾,仍需解决相互匹配的问题。

线上线下体量悬殊

电商和零售都趋向双渠道,线上线下相互导流,中国也是一样。中美零售的根本不是模式的区别,而是宏观环境的差异。

美国的线下零售市场整合得很好。在美国亚马逊兴起之后,虽然各家零售商市场份额也在缩减,但没有一家零售商被它干掉,就是因为美国的零售市场原来整合的特别好。在美国,1997年,30家最大的连锁店控制了总店数和销售额的约94%。如今,排名前20的零售商几乎占据80%的市场份额。中国不是这样,中国前100家零售商份额加起来不足1%。

在美国,亚马逊没有跟任何一家大型零售商合作,最后出手买了一家公司,准备自己开一些小店。而中国电商平台全部跟线下零售商合作,比如阿里和苏宁,京东和永辉、沃尔玛合作。

足以对抗的体量才能带来竞争,第一可以压缩成本;第二应对电商的方法是自己开设电商渠道,统一标准面对全国市场,可以到店取货、送货。而中国的区域商超与电商竞争,自然实力悬殊。所以,零售业一定要进行标准化的整合。国家曾在2013年出文促进线下整合,目前线下零售业的整合趋势并没有见到,相反,电商开始往线下走,进行流量导流。

现在线上流量都被BAT垄断,基于流量四处扩张。线下零售商体量较小,在谈判上不占优势,任由这种情况发展,将来一定是电商企业控制住整个市场。核心是电商企业没有真正注重管理,提升体验,而是在导流,把线下当成苦力,这是最糟糕的。

中国需要的线下的整合,整体服务质量的提升,现在这些线上店,在这一点上作用是非常小,它们本质上是在剥削和利用线下零售商,没有任何想法对其进行改造,因为投入成本将会很高。

下一步零售环境其实很糟糕,中国的零售市场仍需政府出台相关反垄断措施:首先要敲打线上平台,促进规范运营,防治假货,同时还要出台相关政策,以促进线下零售业整合。

(作者系上海交通大学上海高级金融学院(SAIF)市场营销学教授、副院长,本报记者安凌飞采访整理)

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