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巴曙松:对国际评级机构的评级结果进行再评价

2017-09-23 13:01:57   中国经济网

三 主要国际评级机构享有事实上的免责权与市场垄断地位,需要珍惜由此带来的市场影响力

实际上,因为国际评级机构的评级调整可能带来的市场影响,不仅其评级结果在国际市场上受到争议,在美国国内也同样如此。从历史看,美国的评级机构在受到因重大评级失实而导致的诉讼时,基本是以美国宪法第一修正案自辩,将自身的评级辩诉做为一种观点,认为应受“言论自由”权利保护。比如2009年11月,美国俄亥俄州养老基金起诉“三大”评级机构,控告他们给予抵押贷款支持债券虚高评级,导致其4.57亿美元的投资损失。不过,美国地区法官詹姆斯?格雷厄姆却支持评级机构的辩护,认为评级是预测观点,受美国法律保护,于2011年9月27日判决俄亥俄养老基金败诉。这种免责保护实际上给予了国际评级机构的不对称的市场地位,有免责权而且占有市场垄断地位,作为专业机构,就需要高度珍惜这个独特的市场地位,珍惜这种独特的市场地位带来的市场影响力,否则必然带来市场的质疑、以及市场认可度的降低。

针对国际信用评级行业所存在的缺陷,特别是在金融危机中国际评级机构的表现受到广泛诟病,不少国家的监管机构开始关注评级机构的监管,并探索采取一系列应对政策措施。主要包括:一是提高信用评级行业的透明度和多样性,例如要求对所有的评估机构公开证券发行人的信息,通过信用评级机构的主动评级,增强信用评级的多样性。二是适当降低对信用评级机构评级的依赖,探索支持金融机构的内部评级等方式,如有的国家调整了法规中对信用评级机构评级的强制性的引用。三是尝试增加信用评级机构的责任义务。有的国家打算考虑取消评级机构的“专家责任”豁免,增加信用评级机构的法律责任和义务,要求评级机构改善内部的公司治理结构,有的国家还针对评级机构成立了专门的监管机构。

实际上,主要的国际评级机构也意识到自身在评级方法等方面的不足,也在尝试改进和完善自身的评级体系。例如,在银行评级方面,主要评级机构近年来就采取了一些新的改进举措,例如:引进新的分析方法,穆迪引进了共同违约分析法(JDA),补充分析银行可获得的外部援助。同时,探索提高总体评级的透明度,惠誉单独发布5分制的支持评级,用来表述从国家或者机构所有者获得外部援助的可能性和幅度,将其9分制的单独评级改为与总体评级完全一致的19分制,使财务能力评估更加精细,外部援助的益处更加清晰等。

因此,从国际评级行业的发展看,这本身就是一个在争议中不断发展的行业,对于评级机构的评级调整,既要看到其调整中隐含的一些合理的风险提示并相应采取改进措施,更要看到这些评级结果本身也有许多局限性和不足,对于这些评级结构,也要进行冷静的再评价。

(作者:中国银行业协会首席经济学家、“十三五”国家发展规划专家委员会委员巴曙松,对外经贸大学金融学院游诗棋)

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