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斩断ICO金融“毒瘤”

2017-09-11 22:17:21   新华网

黄震分析认为:“这些监管的措施或提示,给狂热的ICO市场泼了一盆冷水,让大家趋于理性。”

从国际上来看,作为新生事物,ICO到底该如何监管,各国都还在探索之中,尚未有现成的模式。但对其中潜藏的风险,都给予了高度关注。

不久前,新加坡金融管理局表示,由于其匿名的天然属性,以及可以在短时间内筹集大量资金,ICO非常容易被用于洗钱,以及恐怖融资(资助恐怖主义活动)。2017年8月1日,该部门强调,如果ICO中的数字凭据所构成的产品,属于《证券与期货法》的管理范围,则该ICO流程需要接受金融管理局的监管,只要这些代币符合《证券与期货法》的描述,则在ICO之前,必须要金融管理局提前备案。

在此之前,美国加利福尼亚州和华盛顿州于7月分别批准通过法案,规范虚拟货币的商业使用行为。7月25日,美国证监会(SEC)认定史上最著名ICO项目(TheDAO)的代币属于有价证券范畴,宣布其将被纳入证监会监管体系,受到联邦证券法律的约束。

  虚拟货币前景亦难料

与ICO紧密相连的虚拟货币,也正面临考验。ICO项目的火爆直接拉升了比特币等虚拟货币的需求与价格。2009年比特币刚诞生时,1美元可以买1300个比特币;8年后,1个比特币的价格已经突破了5000美元。

从国内来看,比特币价格近期也持续攀升。数据显示,8月初,一枚比特币的价格在18000元人民币附近,半个月后,比特币价格已升至28000元附近,甚至一度超过30000元,涨幅超过50%。

随着比特币价格节节攀升,在“一夜暴富”的诱惑面前,很多普通投资者也纷纷入局,参与到“挖币”“炒币”中去,其中不乏有人属于“稀里糊涂进了场”。

曾有人做过统计,目前中国从事比特币挖矿的“矿工”和“矿池”居世界第一,国内交易平台客户资金余额已高达数十亿元人民币,资产规模大于零的投资者超百万人。“矿工”队伍的不断扩大,使得“挖矿”所用的计算机功率越来越大,消耗的电力越来越多。庞大的电力负荷面前,“矿主”只能将“矿场”进行转移,搬到内蒙古、新疆、贵州、云南等地的偏远地区。

赵先生告诉《瞭望》新闻周刊记者,像内蒙古等地电能产量过剩,电价比较便宜,对“挖矿”投资者有很大的吸引力。“目前在国内,公寓私人作坊式的‘挖矿’已经不是主流,还是规模‘矿场’比较多。”

几天前,赵先生还在一个比特币论坛中发帖称自己在内蒙古有电价便宜、电量充足的工厂资源,寻求“挖矿”合作者。

“挖矿利润还可以,差不多一年能回本,不过风险也大。”赵先生坦言,“前一段时间‘矿机’和‘矿场’资源还很抢手,现在监管一出,估计还要冷一段时间。”

受ICO被定性为“非法融资”的影响,国内比特币等主要的数字货币交易严重受挫。例如,突破5000美元的比特币未能逃离暴跌命运,一度跌破4500美元,跌幅达到10%;以太币同样未能幸免,从390美元跌至340美元,缩水13%。

“对于虚拟货币来说,ICO纳入监管是一个‘开始’,也是一个警示。”中山大学岭南学院执行院长陆军说,虚拟货币如果与ICO这样的非法金融行为联系到一起,成为交易工具,将直接威胁到国家金融安全,监管层是必须要介入的。

“由于我国的监管越来越严格,比特币的交易已经发生转移。以前全球百分之七八十的比特币交易在中国,现在日本的比特币交易已经占到全球的百分之四五十。”黄震表示。(记者吕光一 王凯蕾)  

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