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邓建鹏:正确认识ICO非法集资的风险

2017-09-06 20:21:43   央广网

今年以来,国内以ICO(ICO英文简称Initial Coin Offering)模式,通过首次代币发行,进行区块链项目融资的活动大量涌现。早期投资者通过向项目发起人支付比特币或以太币等主流虚拟货币,以获得项目发起方基于区块链技术初始产生的加密数字代币,并期待代币将来在交易机构交易后,价格升值带来巨大潜在收益。ICO原本为正规的区块链创业项目融资带来巨大的便利。

在2016年以前,ICO尚局限于一个小圈子内,投资人主要是理解区块链技术的专业人士。但自2017年年初以来,由于ICO融资的便利,许多骗子混进来。ICO的融资对象在中国开始由小众渗透至大众市场,大量完全不具备风险承受能力、完全不了解区块链技术的散户型投资者蜂涌而至,幻想一夜暴富。据笔者向区块链专业人士调研,当前高达90%以上的ICO项目涉嫌欺诈。因此,ICO已经由助力区块链初创企业融资的高效工具,化身为大量骗子非法集资的手段。

这种创新型融资模式在此前没有任何相关法律规定,亦无明确对应的监管机构。发起ICO项目不需要任何监管机构审批即可向公众募资。大部分ICO项目未设定投资者门槛,投机炒作盛行,涉嫌从事非法金融活动等多项违法行为,严重扰乱了经济金融秩序。因此,中国人民银行等七部委于2017年9月4日发布《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》,指出ICO向投资者筹集比特币、以太币等所谓“虚拟货币”,本质上是一种未经批准非法公开融资的行为。央行及时叫停ICO项目,去除其中存在的风险,正当其时!

一些ICO项目发起人抱着幻想,认为其向公众募集的是比特币等所谓主流虚拟货币,而非法定货币,比特币等所谓虚拟货币不属于社会资金,因此,相关行为不属于非法融资或集资的范畴,试图借机消逍遥法外。

然而,根据《刑法》与最高人民法院于2010年公布的《关于审理非法集资刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》,非法集资行为只要同时涉及以下四个要件,即应当认为刑法第一百七十条规定的“非法吸收公众存款或者变相吸收公众存款”,其分别是:(1)未经有权机构批准吸收资金;(2)通过网络等媒体向社会公开宣传;(3)承诺在一定期限内以货币、实物、股权等方式还本付息或者给付回报;(4)向不特定对象吸收资金。

当前,所有ICO项目均未经有权机构批准,这些项目通过ICO众筹平台,向公众宣传相关项目,向不特定对象募集主流区块链数字资产。当大量的ICO项目涉嫌欺诈之时,此行为是否属于“非法集资”?具体而言,这些行为是否构成了“非法集资”具体刑法上的罪名,比如“非法吸收公众存款罪”或者“集资诈骗罪”?需要从法律依据上给予澄清。

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