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大宗商品上升周期形成 进入“慢牛”状态

2017-09-08 08:47:11   中国经济网

这是因为,最近的一百年来世界已发生了很大变化。新技术革命不断涌现,比如,钢结构建筑取代砖木结构建筑,高速交通取代普通铁路和乡村土路,城市地下轨道交通普遍兴建等,都使钢材需求跳跃式增加。尤其是在我国西南地区高山峻岭间修筑高速通道,基本上都是高架、隧道连接大桥,百公里道路建设所需要的各类钢材,将是过去修筑盘山砂石公路的数十倍,甚至数百倍。钢材是这样,其他有色金属、水泥等也是如此。而这些产品消费量的急剧膨胀,势必带动矿石与能源消费的相应增长。

再比如机器人取代大量人工,这其实就是金属代替“肉体”的过程。据资料,近5年中国机器人产业规模增速保持在20%以上,2017年上半年全国工业机器人产量5.9万台,同比增长52%。目前,中国已占据全球工业机器人市场1/3,成为全球最大机器人应用市场。从生产一般商品的机器人生产线,一直延伸到生产机器人的机器人生产线,单位产值所累积消耗的钢材等金属量,将是先前传统人工操作消耗金属量的数十倍或者百倍,这就显著提高了单位GDP的金属、能源消费强度。

现实告诉我们,今后中国所要达到的大宗商品年度消费峰值,譬如粗钢及相关冶炼原料的年度消费峰值,将会显著高出西方发达国家曾经有过的水平。初步估算,未来中国粗钢年度需求峰值(含直接出口)将超过10亿吨,甚至达到12亿吨,而不是像美国、日本等国家,粗钢产量达到1亿、2亿吨后就走上了下坡路。

又因为新技术革命方兴未艾,由此带动了各项投资建设的集中显现,不会在短时期内结束。按照规划,到2020年全国城市轨道交通线路有望达到6000公里,规划建设线路里程将超过10000公里,比较2015年末全国28个城市所拥有轨道交通线路3730公里,分别增长六成多和近3倍。到2025年,全国将建成“八纵八横”高速铁路网,高速铁路总里程将达到4.5万公里,也比2016年增加1倍。而前不久国务院召开常务会议,确定2018至2020年3年中再改造各类棚户区1500万套。对此有分析认为,全国“棚改”提速,将拉动开发投资及基础设施投资12.9万亿元。所有这些,都将产生巨大的大宗商品需求,尤其是金属、水泥与能源需求,推动未来大宗商品牛市周期。

三是缩小地区差别,产生需求增长。

改革开放以来,中国经济取得重大发展,但依然存在巨大的地区差别。这些地区差别的消除,即西部欠发达地区、中部“次发达”地区,向沿海发达地区靠拢,需要大量的硬件设施,如交通设施、电力供应、工业园区、住房建设、地下管廊、环境保护、教育医疗等,所有这些基本建设,都需要耗费大量金属材料。而另一方面,这些地区差别的消除不可能在短时期内完成,还需要至少二三十年时间,因此数量巨大的原材料消费,也具有长期性。正是上述两个方面,提供了中国大宗商品需求增长的巨大空间与时间,从而使得大宗商品“牛市”新周期成为可能。

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