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从行为人角度认定邪教犯罪“传播”状态
2017-09-08 08:18:11 中国青年网
2017年1月,最高法、最高检发布了《关于办理组织、利用邪教组织破坏法律实施等刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(下称《解释》),解决了司法实践中关于邪教犯罪的停止形态认定、罪数适用等问题,但在理论上和实践中仍对一些问题存在不同认识,有待廓清。
一是关于兜底条款的适用。《解释》第2条至第4条针对邪教犯罪不同量刑档次分别规定了“情节特别严重”“情节较轻”等情形,并且每一个档次都设置了相应兜底条款。如何认定其他情节严重、其他情节特别严重、其他情节较轻的情形实践中认识不一。适用兜底条款,首先要考察其社会危害性与其他已经明确列举的情形是否相当,社会危害性相当,才有可追责性。其次,要限制过度的司法自由裁量空间,可以参考其他类型犯罪的认定标准,如以所涉邪教宣传品数量来认定,等等。
二是关于犯罪状态的具体认定。《解释》第5条规定了为传播而持有、携带,或者传播过程中被当场查获,数量达不到有关标准的,主要是根据邪教宣传品是否系行为人制作来区分犯罪形态。邪教宣传品是行为人制作的,以犯罪既遂处理。邪教宣传品不是行为人制作的,区分三种情形:尚未传播的,以犯罪预备处理;传播过程中被查获的,以犯罪未遂处理;部分已经传播出去的,以犯罪既遂处理,对于没有传播的部分,可以在量刑时酌情考虑。实践中,对于“传播”既遂的评判,从行为人的角度或受众的角度出发会得出不同的结论。如有的以派发、散发宣传资料为主,有的案件反映部分犯罪嫌疑人的作案方式为将邪教宣传品夹放在路边停放的车辆挡风玻璃上、村屋大门把手上。从行为人的角度出发,属于已经传播出去,但从受众角度出发,尚未接收到宣传品,该种情况应以属于“传播过程中”认定犯罪未遂,还是以属于“已经传播出去”认定犯罪既遂,存在分歧。笔者认为,从行为人的角度进行评价比较合理。
三是关于传播、宣扬邪教的方式。随着社会发展的多元化,邪教犯罪分子传播、宣扬邪教的方式也呈现出多样化趋势,《解释》虽然新增了使用“伪基站”“黑广播”等无线电台(站)或者无线电频率,利用通讯信息网络宣扬邪教等新方式,但对一些传统的传播方式,如播放录音、录像、光盘或者讲课、演讲、放气球等方式没有明确规定,笔者认为,可以根据受众人数、传播范围等作出具体规定,为办理案件提供明确依据。
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