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二、我国债务风险总体可控,债务压力趋于减轻
2008年国际金融危机以来,主要发达经济体推出量化宽松政策,全球债务规模急剧膨胀。国际金融协会统计显示,目前全球债务总额已攀升至217万亿美元,约为全球年度经济产出的327%。据有关机构测算,2016年末我国宏观杠杆率达到250%左右,与国际主要经济体相比,我国杠杆率处于中等水平,接近于美国,明显低于日本、西班牙、法国、英国等主要发达经济体。尽管与2008年国际金融危机前相比我国债务水平有所上升,但债务风险总体可控。一是我国居民和政府部门的杠杆率较低。2016年末,居民部门杠杆率在50%以下,政府部门杠杆率在40%以下,远低于世界公认的警戒线,在全球范围内处于较低水平。需要看到,地方政府的负债率虽然高于中央政府,但举债日益规范,债务主要用于搞建设而不是搞福利,而且相当一部分债务已经形成了优质的资产,很多资产在运营过程中可以带来稳定的现金流,具有较强的偿债能力。二是我国的债务主要由内债组成。我国外债比例低,非金融企业外债余额占比仅为4%左右,出现债务风险的可能性较小。而且我国外汇储备超过3万亿美元,具备较强应对外部冲击的能力。三是我国储蓄率较高。我国总储蓄率接近50%,庞大而稳定的储蓄资金,为企业债务融资提供了强大支撑,也有效降低了相关的债务风险。四是政府具有化解危机的成功经验。在长期的经济管理实践中,政府积累了丰富应对危机的经验,在应对2013年的“钱荒”、2015年的股市异常波动等事件中,沉着应对果断处置,避免了可能发生的系统性风险。
我国债务水平上升主要是由于非金融企业尤其是国有企业杠杆率相对较高,这与我国资本市场发展不成熟,以银行为主的融资结构占主导等因素紧密相关。随着我国供给侧结构性改革深入推进,市场供求关系明显改善,企业利润显著增加,债务压力趋于下降。2016年9月份,工业生产者出厂价格首次由降转升,结束了连续54个月的同比下降。2016年规模以上工业企业利润比上年增长8.5%,扭转了上年利润下降的局面,今年以来工业利润增长进一步加快。2016年末,规模以上工业企业资产负债率为55.8%,比上年末下降0.4个百分点;今年7月末规模以上工业企业资产负债率同比下降0.7个百分点,其中国有控股企业资产负债率下降0.5个百分点。到8月底,3258家上市公司所公布的半年报显示,75%左右的公司经营现金流呈现好转态势。在企业经营状况改善的背景下,银行资产质量逐步提高。2016年四季度末,我国商业银行不良贷款率为1.74%,比三季度末下降0.02个百分点,结束了自2012年以来持续上升的局面。今年二季度末,商业银行不良贷款率保持稳定;在全部贷款中,关注类贷款占比为3.64%,比一季度末下降0.13个百分点,比上年同期下降0.39个百分点。微观主体经营好转有力支撑宏观经济运行向好,有效降低了债务风险。根据国际清算银行(BIS)数据,2016年末我国非金融企业杠杆率为166.3%,连续两个季度环比下降或持平,这是非金融企业杠杆率连续19个季度上升后首次改变;我国总体杠杆率同比增幅比上季度末下降4.4个百分点,连续3个季度保持下降趋势;我国信贷/GDP缺口比2016年一季度末降低4.2个百分点,连续3个季度下降,表明潜在债务压力趋于减轻。巩固和发展这一良好态势,要进一步增强忧患意识,对于各类债务风险问题保持高度关注,按照中央金融工作会议的精神和部署,主动有序释放风险压力,及时稳妥化解风险隐患,积极防范产生新的风险,坚决守住不发生系统性风险的底线。
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