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地方再次催撤担保函 融资平台借道PPP项目路径浮现

2017-08-27 07:45:49   中国经济网

上述两类在限时和约谈后不予配合整改的,则与省外金融机构不配合的一样,由市人民政府发出《关于收回出具相关函件的函》或者解除《关于相关函件的通知》。

一家金融机构表示,收到了某市融资平台派人送的要求撤函的函件。“派人送的是融资平台的函件,而当初出具担保函的是政府。”上述金融机构告诉经济观察报。

担保函如何来的

李建告诉经济观察报,1994年分税制改革后,地方政府依靠融资平台去借钱,进行基础设施建设,43号文之前的平台借款算政府债务,在43号文之后,平台借款与政府债务脱钩了,此后平台的债务不算政府债务,但界限并不是很清楚,若是算企业债务,做的是政府的基建业务,但是若是单纯依靠平台,做为企业去融资的话是很难的,因为资产都是划拨出来的,这个时候就要依靠政府提供信用支出。

一般的做法是出具各种函件,比如纳入跨年度财政预算,但是没有人大的决议,只是财政部门,后来变成财政安排资金偿还,后来变成地方政府出函安排资金来偿还,就是协调资金来偿还,后来无法出函,就让其他相关部门,比如住建部门、交通部门出函协调资金偿还,实际上这几个部门没有资金,还是财政部门出钱。

平台公司主要是土地的划拨和其他国有资产的注入,在区县这一级,土地比较难处置,只能做资产,不能带来现金流,无法进行变现,所以以前几乎每笔平台融资都要有担保函或者承诺函。

一位地方财税人士表示,虽然不少地方政府大干快上很多无效或者低效的项目,或者没有实际产出的项目,但是因为政府出具担保函,所以金融机构就敢放款。知道没有现金流,就看其他机构有没有放过贷款。最后各家金融机构比的就是谁最先跑,千万别成为最后一个。

从开始的刚性兑付,到现在要求撤销各种函件,背后的演变就是财政部对地方债务的一系列严格管理。

在50号文和87号文的高压下,担心违规的不止是地方政府,还有金融机构。

借道PPP

李建对经济观察报表示,以前不处罚金融机构的时候,融资平台做假账、盖假章,金融机构都承认,但是现在不行了,两边都会打板子。

李建给经济观察报举了一个融资平台与政府应收账款转让的例子:政府委托平台公司建设学校,政府回购,形成了平台公司对政府的应收账款,平台公司将这笔应收账款卖给金融机构,约定融资到期后,溢价回购。

这样应收账款流动化,政府成了金融机构的债务人。平台公司到期后不溢价回购,金融机构会找政府,因此已经绑定了政府。

43号文之前,这些应收账款都是真实的,但43号文规定政府不能与平台签委托协议,因此后面那些协议或者类协议就都不合规了,金融机构现在只做43号文之前批复的项目合同的应收账款。

李建在此轮遭遇到撤函的项目中有一部分平台公司采取了提前还款的方式,李建的判断是主管部门推动的存量PPP项目拿到了部分资金后,可以用来偿还,也就是存量项目的钱转成了PPP,化解了融资平台债务。

李建说,例如此前有个医院建设到一半,现在包成PPP项目,总投资十亿元,前期投入5亿元,改成PPP项目后,融资10亿元,就有资金来偿还前期的融资;所以现在PPP做得好,融资平台不怎么融资了,还会积极还钱。目前很多项目启动时已经做过融资,再改成PPP项目,就有资金来偿还以前的贷款。

(文中李建为化名)

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