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无人驾驶汽车离上路还有多远? 法律伦理都是拦路虎

2017-07-13 18:27:15   北京晨报

当地时间2016年8月25日,新加坡,新加坡对无人驾驶出租车进行公开试验,这在全世界尚属首次。

伦理障碍

应该撞人还是撞动物

除了等待法规的完善,摆在无人驾驶汽车面前的还有“道德难关”。试想一下,当你驾驶汽车突发紧急情况,面前是一名小孩和一名成人,减速已经不可能,你的方向盘将转向何处?这对于任何人来说,都是一个困难而且痛苦的抉择,如果汽车能自主,显然也无法抉择。目前,没有人相信无人驾驶汽车能够做出道德或伦理抉择,不过,德国科学家们相信,最终有可能为无人驾驶汽车带入道德和伦理。

德国奥斯纳布吕克大学认知科学研究所的研究员莱昂称,研究表明汽车可以通过编程来模拟人类的道德行为,包括决定哪种碰撞是更好的选择。研究人员让人类实验对象处于虚拟现实环境中,研究模拟交通场景中的行为。之后研究人员用这些数据为无人驾驶汽车设计算法,使其能够像人类一样在道路上应对潜在的困境。

不过大多数的选择仍然具有争议。当涉及到人类和动物时,大多数人会选择保护人类,但是如果选择避开狗狗,会有5%的概率只让人受轻伤,又会怎么选呢?还有当遇到一个玩球冲进马路的孩子和一个守规矩走在路边的成人时该怎么办,如果仅按照交通规则来看,孩子显然是错误的,但是如果考虑年龄,大多数人会选择避让孩子。

意外障碍

袋鼠乱蹦让系统犯晕

就在无人驾驶汽车忙着合法化、埋头学习伦理道德时,又有新的麻烦冒了出来,这次的地点在南半球,而这次的“拦路虎”是一只袋鼠。

瑞典汽车制造商沃尔沃近日表示,其开发的无人驾驶汽车半路杀出了“澳洲程咬金”——袋鼠。原本该公司的大型动物监测系统一直运行良好,鹿、麋鹿、驯鹿等一概不在话下,既混个脸熟也躲得迅速,但是不久前在澳大利亚进行的测试却遇上了麻烦。实验证明,呆萌袋鼠一蹦一跳的动作会让其系统犯迷糊,由于无法准确判断其独特的移动方式,目前该系统是给袋鼠“跪了”。

然而袋鼠是无人驾驶汽车在澳洲上路必须考虑的问题,澳大利亚汽车协会的数据显示,每年当地有超过1.6万起撞车事故与袋鼠有关,其中1000起事故都发生在“丛林首都”——堪培拉,使其成为“袋鼠事故多发地”。另有数据显示,在所有与动物相关碰撞事故中,有袋类动物占了90%,万幸的是,大多数碰撞事故都不是很严重。

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