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无人驾驶汽车离上路还有多远? 法律伦理都是拦路虎

2017-07-13 18:27:15   北京晨报

美国各州立法难以统一

“老司机”们都知道,要想上路开车就得有驾驶证,而驾驶证的主体是人。那么,当有一天,《变形金刚》的场景活生生出现在现实生活中又会怎样,试想一下,一辆“大黄蜂”正自己行驶在路上,突然被交警拦下检查驾驶证,那会是怎样窘迫的画面。好在,已经有人想到了这件事,世界各国也正在出台法规,推动让无人驾驶上路。

在美国,为了确定无人驾驶汽车的法律地位,考虑相关立法的州每年都在增加。全美州议会联合会的数据显示,2011年6月,内华达州的立法机构通过了一项法律,为无人驾驶汽车的使用授权。内华达州也因此成为世界上第一个允许无人驾驶汽车合法上路的自治地区。自那以后,美国至少有41个州和华盛顿特区都在考虑与无人驾驶汽车相关的立法。其中,19个州以及华盛顿特区都通过了与无人驾驶汽车相关的立法。

近日,美国众议院成员就无人驾驶汽车的14项法案进行了辩论,今年6月上旬,参议院的议员们发表了一份关于未来无人驾驶汽车立法的大纲,一些人猜测,美国国会最早可能在本月就一些无人驾驶汽车的法律进行投票。显然,美国两党的议员在一件事情上达成了共识——目前仅有美国各州的法规是不够的。虽然许多州的立法机构都决定颁布各自的无人驾驶汽车的规定,但是彼此间差异太大,以至于任何一家公司都不能在全美范围内推出无人驾驶汽车。例如,在亚利桑那州只需一纸标准车辆登记即可,然而在纽约则要求所有无人驾驶汽车都要有警察的陪护。而硅谷所在地加州就比较超前了,允许没有司机、方向盘、油门和刹车的全自动驾驶车辆行驶。

德国要求司机时刻警惕

2013年,英国政府允许在公共道路上对无人驾驶汽车进行测试,在此之前,所有的类似测试都必须在私有土地上进行。今年2月,英国政府又提出新草案,保险公司必须为无人驾驶汽车提供两种保护,自动驾驶模式下的汽车和手动驾驶模式下的司机。如果制造商有责任,保险公司能向制造商索赔。

2014年,法国政府宣布从2015年起允许无人驾驶汽车在公共道路上进行测试,法国全国范围内2000公里的公路将因此开放。2015年在法国举行的智能交通世界大会上,法国首次展示了在其开放道路上行驶的无人驾驶汽车。2015年春天,瑞士联邦环境、交通、能源和通信部允许瑞士电信在苏黎世的街道上测试无人驾驶的大众帕萨特。

今年5月,德国批准了无人驾驶汽车的新准则,政府官员修改了德国的道路交通法,为无人驾驶汽车搭起了监管框架。德国汽车工业协会主席马蒂亚斯·威斯曼表示,德国在高度自动化车辆上路的进程中迈出了重要一步。他认为无人驾驶将使道路交通“更安全、更高效、更方便”。根据路透社的报道,新法规允许汽车制造商测试无人驾驶汽车。当汽车独立操纵方向盘和刹车时,不用手握方向盘、眼睛看路。不过使用者必须时刻保持警惕,以便随时控制车辆。据欧洲汽车新闻的报道,这项法规旨在消除交通法规的逻辑不一致问题。例如,当一名司机心脏病发作,汽车能够减速、打信号灯并靠自己的力量停在路边。该法规还要求配备数据存储系统即“黑匣子”,用来记录具体驾驶情况。

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