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无人驾驶汽车离上路还有多远? 法律伦理都是拦路虎

2017-07-13 18:27:15   北京晨报

沃尔沃澳大利亚地区的技术经理大卫·皮克特在接受美国广播公司采访时曾表示,之所以会出现“袋鼠麻烦”,主要是由于他们的汽车监测系统利用地面作为参照点,而蹦跶着走路的袋鼠让系统很难判断它们距离汽车到底有多远。“当它们腾空时,看起来好像离着挺远,但落地时又显得很近了。”皮克特称,识别系统实际上没有听起来这么简单,它们通过行走方式判断前方是不是人,还要判断这个人是高是矮、是否穿外套等,而对于袋鼠的认识也要很全面。“袋鼠可能坐在路边、站在路边,也可能正在蹦着前进,这些动作的形状都不相同。”

不过,沃尔沃澳大利亚的常务董事凯文·麦卡恩对此没有气馁,他认为袋鼠造成的麻烦也是无人驾驶技术研发和测试的一部分。

图为无人驾驶汽车实验场景。 安源 摄

无人驾驶汽车等级

2014年,国际自动机工程师学会(SAE International)发布了道路机动车辆自动驾驶技术分类系统。该分类主要以是否需要司机的注意力和干预为基准,而并非车辆的能力。

0级:自动系统能发出警告,但是不能控制车辆。

1级(手时刻准备着):司机和自动系统共同控制车辆。例如自适应巡航控制系统(ACC)——驾驶员控制方向,自动系统控制速度;停车辅助系统——可以自动转向但需要司机控制速度;或者车道保持辅助系统(LKA)II型。在这一级别,司机必须时刻准备重新接管汽车的控制权。

2级(解放手):自动系统完全控制车辆(包括加速、刹车和转向)。但司机必须时刻监控驾驶情况,如果自动系统不能正常响应,司机应随时、立即进行干预。“解放手”并不是指字面意思,事实上,这一级别的自动驾驶有强制要求,即司机的手不能离开方向盘,以确保能够时刻准备着进行干预。

3级(解放眼):司机可以不再关注驾驶,安全地发短信甚至看电影。车辆能够自行处理紧急情况,比如紧急刹车。不过当车辆“召唤”时,司机必须准备好进行短暂的干预,具体情况依各厂商而定。

4级(解放脑):与3级类似,在这一级别司机完全不用注意安全,也就是说可以安心睡觉或者离开驾驶员的座位。自动驾驶只在有限的区域或者特殊情况下可行,比如堵车时。在这些区域外或者情况外,车辆必须能够安全地终止行程,比如不用司机控制能“侧方位停车”。

5级(解放人):完全不需要人为干预,例如“机器出租车”。

本版编译 陈小丹

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