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中国下一代“人造太阳”启动工程设计 求解人类终极能源

2017-07-13 18:27:14   

这是利用磁场对等离子进行约束的托卡马克装置

7月5日,我国的超导托卡马克实验装置(EAST)在全球首次实现了上百秒的稳态高约束运行模式。

这是一个里程碑式的突破!将为我国下一代核聚变装置的建设和国际核聚变清洁能源的开发利用奠定坚实的技术基础。

EAST的前世今生

如果说起EAST的学名大型非圆截面全超导托卡马克装置,可能没有多少人知道,但是如果提起“人造小太阳”,很多人耳熟能详。

一个一百万千瓦电站需要50万吨煤,核电站需要30吨核燃料。同样级别热核聚变电站仅需要100公斤重水和锂。相比于目前的核电站,热核聚变是非常安全的,因为聚变的产物只是氦气。资源是无限的,同时又是清洁的,所以长期以来被科学家认为是未来人类终极能源。

50年来,人类渴望在地球上实现太阳内部核聚变的模拟,期望能够把惊人的能量稳定地输送给电站。托卡马克是人们未来得以实现“完美能源”这一畅想的化身。

“托卡马克最早是苏联人的发明”,中科院等离子所副所长宋云涛告诉科技日报记者,上世纪90年代初,我国用400万人民币的生活物资,向前苏联换来了当时价值1800万卢布的托卡马克装置。

“我们花了一年半的时间把它全部拆掉,又花了两年的时间把它装起来,在这上面做了大量的实验。其他国家都做到几秒钟,我们在这个装置上面做到了1000万摄氏度持续60秒放电”,宋云涛告诉记者,热核聚变会产生上亿摄氏度高温的等离子体,比太阳中心部的温度还要高五六倍!它跟周边的材料是强相互作用,需要控制得非常精确,精确到零点几个毫米和零点几个毫秒以下,“否则的话,只要一偏心,碰什么烧什么。”

怎么才能实现“人造太阳”?科学家想了一个办法,就是把一团上亿摄氏度的等离子体火球,用磁场把它悬浮起来,跟周边的任何容器材料不接触,这个时候就可以对它加热、控制,进而实现“人造太阳”。

因为托卡马克产生磁场线圈是用常规的铜线做的,消耗了大量的能量,采用超导技术就比较容易得到聚变能量。在托卡马克的基础上,中科院等离子体所科研人员仅用10年时间,就自主设计和建造出世界上首个全超导托卡马克装置EAST。

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