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养老金中央调剂制度方案提上日程 关于它哪个是真相?

2017-06-27 14:55:43   中国经济周刊

人社部公布的数据显示,截至2015年年底,全国累计结余超过1000亿元的有10个省份,其中,广东省结余6158亿元居全国之首;此外,北京、四川、江苏、浙江、山东的累计结余也很乐观,都超过2000亿元。

相比之下, 2015年当期养老基金收不抵支的省份有6个,除山西、青海、河北外,东北三省全都在列。这些省份的累计结余可支付的月数都不足10个月。尤其是黑龙江仅为1个月,大大低于全国17.7个月的水平。而在2014年底,只有河北、黑龙江、宁夏3省份当期收不抵支。

显然,每过一年,收不抵支的省份数量就会增加,而且时间越往后,“入不敷出”的地区数量增加得就越多。

怎么办?当然还是得依靠财政资金补贴。数据显示,最近几年,我国财政补贴养老金的力度越来越大。

根据人社部发布的《2015年度人力资源和社会保障事业发展统计公报》显示,2015年城镇职工基本养老保险基金中,各级财政补贴达4716亿元,比2014年多补贴1168亿元。

也就是说,一年的财政补贴总额增长超千亿,增幅高达25%。

而基本养老金收支的增幅,决定了财政补贴力度的大小。2000—2016年我国基本养老金支出增幅远高于收入增幅。而且自2009年开始,支出增幅大于收入增幅的趋势逐渐凸显,其中2014年达到了6%的增幅逆差高点。

在杨立雄看来,财政兜底基本养老金是国际惯例,“根据目前全国基本养老基金的运行情况,在较长的一段时期内,财政补贴的压力还会继续增大,而且会逐年增大。”

老龄化和提前退休或致未来潜在养老金缺口

当下结余,并不意味着未来没有危机。一系列数据显示,我国城镇职工养老保险基金的财务状况越来越令人忧心,而导致未来养老金出现缺口的因素很多,有两个基本因素不可忽略:一是提前退休;二是人口老龄化。

先说提前退休。相比全国,东北提前退休的人数更多,这跟近年来东北经济的不景气密切相关。

国务院振兴东北办原副主任宋晓梧曾撰文指出,“近年来,东北老工业基地国有企业职工进入大规模退休期,2014年辽、吉、黑三省养老保险赡养比分别为1.9:1、1.7:1和1.4:1,远超过全国3:1的平均水平。”

“在北京基本上都是50岁左右退休,而东北很多人40多岁就提前退休了,这是造成养老金缺口的一个非常重要的原因。”杨立雄认为,如果各地严格执行现行的退休政策(现行男性60岁退休、女干部和科技人员55岁退休,女工人50岁退休),就会减轻养老金缺口负担。“当然,适当延长退休年龄,对养老金缺口也会有积极影响。”

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