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养老金中央调剂制度方案提上日程 关于它哪个是真相?

2017-06-27 14:55:43   中国经济周刊

再看人口老龄化。随着我国老龄化程度的加剧,未来养老金“收不抵支”问题将异常严峻。

中国社科院发布的《中国养老金融发展报告(2016)》显示,以65岁以上老龄人口看,2015年为1.5亿人,占比为11.6%;预计2030年达到2.8亿人,占比为20.2%;2055年达到峰值4 亿人,占比27.2%,意味着到那时我国人口中有近三分之一是老年人。

从人口抚养比来看,各地的差异性也非常大。

据尹蔚民部长介绍,高的省份人口抚养比10:1,即10人养1人;低的省份人口抚养比是1.2:1,负担是不一样的。“我们的养老保险制度是20多年前建立的,当时人口抚养比是5:1,现在已经持续下降到2.8:1。随着人口老龄化的加速发展,人口抚养比还会发生变化,所以如果不采取有力的措施,养老保险基金的运行就会出现问题。”

基本养老基金中央调剂制度方案提上日程

要缓解养老金缺口问题的方法有很多。在很多人看来,短期而言,实现制度上的全国统筹是更加直接有效、也是迫在眉睫的解决方案。

去年8月,就有媒体报道称,基本养老保险基金全国统筹方案初稿已经形成,最快将在年底出台。但至今也没有出台的消息。

基本养老保险基金全国统筹,就是把基本养老保险基金全部放在中央来统筹,在中央层面大收大支,缴费由中央政府来管理,支出兜底也由中央政府来管理。这在2010年出台的《社会保险法》中已经有所体现。《社会保险法》提出,基本养老保险基金逐步实行全国统筹,具体时间、步骤由国务院规定。

2016年公布的“十三五”规划继续提出,实现职工基本养老保险基金全国统筹。人社部此前也表示,最快于2016年底前出台基本养老金全国统筹方案。

屈指算来,基本养老保险基金全国统筹从《社会保险法》提出至今已6年有余,依然犹抱琵琶半遮面,原因是什么?

杨立雄给出了答案:“根本问题是如何平衡和调整中央与地方之间以及不同地区之间的利益分配和责任。比如,广东、江苏、浙江等省份由于有大量年轻外来人口流入,养老金均有大量结余。而东北三省由于老龄化严重,人口又外流,养老金出现亏空。如果实行全国统筹,这意味着养老金有结余的省份要补贴养老金亏空的省份,这势必会引发养老金有结余省份的不满。凭什么我收的钱你拿去了?它们有可能会把结余用完之后再参与统筹。这样就达不到统筹的目的。”

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