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具体到国内企业面临的税负和其他成本问题,我们一要科学看待,二要务实改革。曹德旺所说的“中国制造业的综合税负比美国高35%”,需要认真加以分析,税负大头主要包括增值税17%(最高)、所得税25%(最高),其他税种包括以增值税为课税基准的城建税、教育费附加、地方教育费附加、城镇土地使用税、房产税等。此外,企业为员工缴纳的社保费和住房公积金也是一笔重要支出。
对于现实中的税负问题,企业家们重视,中央也十分重视。营改增改革于今年5月1日全面推行,实行17%、13%、11%、6%四档税率。在总体税率统一的基础上,部分类别企业享有退税、减税政策。今年5月1日,国务院已下调了社保费费率和住房公积金缴存比例。
按照中央确定的供给侧结构性改革规划,降税减负是重要抓手之一。进一步降低企业税费支出仍有空间。进一步落实好“三去一降一补”,就是要为企业创造更为优化的营商环境。但需要认识到,降成本、补短板与去产能、去库存、去杠杆是一个整体:如果过剩产能问题不解决,也会制约降成本;补短板的落脚点,就是优化产业政策,优化产业结构。而随着供给侧结构性改革的深入落实,“曹德旺们”的切身感受会显著改变。改革的目的,就是要使中国的营商环境形成全球比较优势。
需要说明的是,因为各国社会发展阶段不同,不同税种的计税依据不一,税率设定也不同,衡量企业税负轻与重,不能只看税率高低,还要多维度综合考量,包括将企业自身经营状况和税费减免情况等都纳入评估范围。据经合组织(OECD)按税收收入和社会保障缴款之和占GDP比重口径计算各国税负水平,2014年OECD国家平均水平为35.3%,同期我国仅为23.5%,低11.8个百分点。
曹德旺等企业家的感受,不仅值得高度重视,而且应当通过改革尽快给出“实惠”,这一点是毫无疑问的。但同时,也要充分考虑制度建设的“合成效应”,使企业家们的“综合感受”、“叠加感受”得到提高,而不是仅仅盯住“单一的税收感受”。董少鹏
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