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那么,政治经济学在经济科学领域又处于什么地位呢?总体上看,经济科学领域不仅各类分支学科林立而且边缘学科崛起,学科的不断分化和不断综合两种倾向同时并存。一般说来,我们把经济学分为理论经济学和应用经济学两大类。理论经济学是指论述经济学的基本原理以及经济运行和发展的一般规律的经济学科,在我国的学科分类中,它包括政治经济学、经济思想史、经济史、西方经济学、世界经济以及人口资源与环境经济学6个二级学科。应用经济学主要是指应用理论经济学的基本原理研究国民经济各个部门、各个专业领域的经济活动和经济关系的规律性,或对非经济活动领域进行经济效益、社会效益的分析而建立的各个经济学科。它又包括若干分支:一是部门经济学,如农业经济学、工业经济学、建筑经济学、运输经济学、商业经济学等等;二是专业经济活动经济学,如劳动经济学、财政学、货币银行学等等;三是地区性活动经济学,如城市经济学、农村经济学、区域经济学等等;四是国际经济学及其分支,如国际贸易学、国际金融学、国际投资学等等;五是与非经济学科交叉联结的学科,如人口经济学、教育经济学、卫生经济学、生态经济学、经济地理学、技术经济学等等。这种把经济科学二元化为理论经济学和应用经济学的分类方法,存在一个很大的问题,就是降低了政治经济学的理论地位。
我们知道,在古典政治经济学的视野里,政治经济学与经济学是同等程度的概念,经济学就是政治经济学。但是,在中国的学术语境中,政治经济学就是指马克思主义政治经济学,况且在目前的经济学教育体系中,政治经济学的含义也是如此。如果是这样的话,把政治经济学一般性地放在与经济思想史、西方经济学同等地位的理论经济学里面,恐怕就值得思考了。习近平总书记在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话中指出:“坚持以马克思主义为指导,是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志,必须旗帜鲜明加以坚持。”这就告诉我们,马克思主义政治经济学不是一般性的理论经济学,而应是整个经济科学的指导思想。在经济学的层级结构上应该是政治经济学、理论经济学和应用经济学这种三元结构。其实,在这个问题上,孙冶方先生也有非常明确的论述:“政治经济学是密切联系生产力研究生产关系的一般发展规律,而部门经济学是研究某一经济领域生产关系发展的特殊规律,或者是经济领域同其他领域之间的边缘科学。”“政治经济学是部门经济学的理论基础,研究部门经济学必须以政治经济学为理论基础。政治经济学应吸取和概括部门经济学的成果。正像哲学研究要同具体科学的研究相结合一样,政治经济学的研究要同部门经济学的研究相结合,才能深入。”就政治经济学与经济科学其他学科的关系来看,要建构中国特色的经济科学也必须从政治经济学入手。中国特色社会主义政治经济学是马克思主义政治经济学中国化的产物,是21世纪中国的马克思主义政治经济学,这个中国的政治经济学承担着指导中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的经济学学科体系建构的光荣使命。
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