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政治经济学要解决什么问题呢?严格说来,它要解决的不是纯经济学问题,在政治经济学的视域中,它是通过对经济问题的研究探讨社会的政治问题,它要解决的是政治和经济之间的关系问题,是研究经济运行背后的政治意蕴。比如,马克思研究资本主义社会,写出了巨著《资本论》。在这部著作中,马克思通过对资本与雇佣劳动矛盾的分析和研究,得出了资本主义的内在矛盾是资本主义本身无法克服的矛盾这样一个结论,这必然导致无产阶级专政,无产阶级要团结起来进行革命斗争,从而推翻资本主义统治,建立社会主义社会和共产主义社会。马克思通过对资本主义的经济分析,最后得出了要实现科学社会主义的政治结论。实际上,在古典政治经济学的研究范式中,经济研究和政治分析也是无法分开的。就拿亚当·斯密来说,他的经济学说同样有其政治前提。
有些经济学家所倡导的所谓经济学就是反映经济发展规律的学问,经济学与自然科学一样,是一种纯粹的经济科学,既然是科学,就是在任何国家都适用的,是价值中立的,与政治无关,与历史无关,与国家无关。这种思维否定了政治经济学的存在价值,这种主张忽视了经济科学体系的层次性,其实,经济学科是一个具有多个层次的整体结构。应当说,上述看法在经济学的“术”和“技”这个层面上还是有道理的。有学者把经济科学分成四个层次:第一个层次是“道”,第二个层次是“法”,第三个层次是“术”,第四个层次是“技”。政治经济学是研究前两个层次的,也就是“道”和“法”的层面。“道”反映的就是经济学家的立场,是站在资本的立场上?还是站在劳动人民的立场上?习近平总书记反复强调要为人民做学问,要写出以人民为中心的政治经济学,就是在这个层面提出的要求。“法”就是指根本方法,是研究经济学的方法论,比如马克思主义政治经济学的根本方法是唯物辩证法。“术”和“技”就是经济学的一些具体的学科要研究的东西。这个体系是层层递进的关系,从上到下,由抽象到具体。政治经济学研究“道”“法”层面的问题,为具体的经济学科提供世界观和方法论的指导,“术”和“技”作为具体的经济学科不仅接受“道”和“法”层面的指导,还要为丰富和发展政治经济学提供经验和素材。
第三,从未来发展看,这是关系到中国前途命运的基础理论问题。理论不仅具有说明过去实践的解释功能,更应该具有指导未来的预见功能。对中国来说,我们创造了中国奇迹,中国的政治经济学要做出合理的解释。中国的未来如何谋划,政治经济学也应有自己的回答。我们虽然取得了很大的成绩,尤其是经济发展方面,用几十年的时间走完了西方几百年的路程,但现在世界形势发生了重大变化,正如习近平总书记所指出的:“现在,我们正处在一个大发展大变革大调整的时代。虽然全球范围内冲突和贫困尚未根除,但和平与发展的时代潮流愈发强劲。世界多极化、经济全球化、文化多样化、社会信息化深入发展,弱肉强食的丛林法则、你输我赢的零和游戏不再符合时代逻辑,和平、发展、合作、共赢成为各国人民共同呼声。”中国经济在经历了几十年的高速增长之后步入了经济发展新常态,进入了中高速增长时期。经济社会各种矛盾日益凸显,改革过程中只剩下难啃的硬骨头,我们还会遇到很多的困难和问题。在这种形势下,我们不能只靠摸着石头过河,还必须对未来的发展进行顶层设计。凡事预则立不预则废,在复杂形势下尤其要头脑清醒。对此,首先必须进行理论探索,要有科学的理论预见。正是在这样的实践过程中,习近平总书记反复从政治经济学的角度谈中国问题,提出“要立足我国国情和我国发展实践,揭示新特点新规律,提炼和总结我国经济发展实践的规律性成果,把实践经验上升为系统化的经济学说,不断开拓当代中国马克思主义政治经济学新境界”。这段话鲜明地表达了两层意思,一方面要求政治经济学要总结过去的经验,揭示我国经济发展的规律性,上升到政治经济学理论的层面,不断促进中国特色社会主义政治经济学的发展;另一方面,要从政治经济学的高度掌握分析经济问题的科学方法,深入认识经济运行过程和趋势,从而更好地分析和解决我国经济发展的理论和实践问题。理论的解释功能和实践预见功能都体现在其中。
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