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第二,从学理建构看,这是形成中国特色、中国风格、中国气派经济学科体系的关键问题。习近平总书记在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上的讲话提出要建构中国特色哲学社会科学,那么,中国特色社会主义政治经济学的建构在整个哲学社会科学体系的建构中处于什么地位呢?中国特色社会主义政治经济学的建构在整个经济学体系的建构中又处于什么地位呢?把这两个问题搞清楚了,我们的问题就有了答案。
就学科分类来看,可以把所有的学科大概分为四大类:哲学、自然科学、社会科学和人文学科。毛泽东曾经说过,哲学是自然科学和社会科学的概括和总结。按照这个思路,哲学应该是贯彻于所有其他学科的世界观和方法论,处于指导地位,而其他的各个学科都以哲学为指导并成为哲学这个学科存在和发展的基础。当然,也有些学者把哲学归类为人文学科。自然科学各学科都是从不同角度探讨自然界各种规律的学科。社会科学各学科都是用科学的方法探讨各种社会问题的学科。很明显,政治经济学在大的分类上应该是属于社会科学的范围,是社会科学中以经济问题为研究对象的学问。
那么,政治经济学在社会科学中处于什么地位呢?马克思说:“物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。”马克思的这句名言,从社会有机体理论的角度清楚地指出了物质生活的生产方式在整个运动着的社会有机体中的基础地位和作用。从列宁到毛泽东都曾经多次指出,在经济与政治的关系中,经济是政治的基础,政治是经济的集中表现。马克思主义政治经济学是以物质生产方式为研究对象的学问,它所研究的是经济社会发展的一般规律。这种研究对象的特殊地位就决定了政治经济学在社会科学中的基础地位。正如恩格斯所说,无产阶级政党的“全部理论内容是从研究政治经济学产生的”“一切社会变迁和政治变革的终极原因……不应当在有关的时代的哲学中去寻找,而应当在有关的时代的经济学中去寻找”。正因如此,著名经济学家孙冶方先生曾经明确说过:“政治经济学也是各门社会科学的基础理论。如同数理化是自然科学的基础理论一样,政治经济学就是社会科学的基础理论。”既然政治经济学是各门社会科学的基础性学科,那么,在我们确定实现构建中国特色哲学社会科学的目标时,一个便捷的途径便是首先建构中国特色的社会主义政治经济学,于是中国特色社会主义政治经济学这个崭新的命题也就提出来了。按照这种逻辑,如果我们要建构中国特色哲学社会科学体系的话,或者说要把其他各门社会科学建设成反映中国特色社会主义的理论体系的话,当然要首先考虑政治经济学这个基础学科,中国特色社会主义政治经济学建构起来了,其他学科的建构也就有了基础。
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